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OFFICIAL DONAXTON. 



MAEYLAND AT THE 

JAMESTOWN TER-CENTENNIAL 

EXPOSITION 



EEPORT 



OF THE 



MARYLAND COMMISSION TO THE 

JAMESTOWN TER-CENTENNIAL 

EXPOSITION 



TOGETHER WITH AN ACCOUNT OF 

MARYLAND'S WORK AND 

EXHIBITS 

SUBMITTED TO THE 

GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF MARYLAND 

SESSION OF 1908 




BALTIMORE, MARYLAND 

1908 



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Press of 

Williams & Wilkins Company 

Baltimore 






LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL TO THE GENERAL 
ASSEMBLY OF MARYLAND. 

By resolution of your honorable body adopted in the session of 1904, 
authority was given to the Governor to appoint a Commission of thirteen 
to submit to the General Assembly of 1906 suggestions as to the legisla- 
tion necessary for Maryland's participation in the Jamestown Ter-Centen- 
nial Exposition. This Commission recommended an appropriation of not 
less than $100,000 and that the number of Commissioners be increased to 
twenty-five with an auxiliary Commission of five women. The General 
Assembly of 1906 adopted these recommendations with the exception that 
the appropriation was made $65,000. This sum was much less than the 
appropriation of other States with which Maryland was in competition, but 
by careful expenditure and the cheerful cooperation of all, we were enabled 
to make a record for our State which was unsurpassed, if not unequaled. 
In addition to erecting, furnishing and maintaining a beautiful State 
Building out of the money allowed to us we gave from our resources $5000 
for an exhibit of horticulture and agriculture; $500 for a geological exhibit 
and over $2,000 for other exhibits and expenses of exhibits. 

We have the honor to report to you that Maryland's part in every 
respect was signally successful and we are confident that great good has 
resulted to our State from this expenditure of the public money. 

Respectfully submitted. 

Fkederick M. Colston, 
Chairman of the Maryland Commission, 



TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Letter of Transmittal to the General Assembly of Maryland 5 

Index to Text 7 

Index to Illustrations 9 ' 

Maryland Commission to the Jamestown Exposition 11 

Joint Resolution No. 5, Laws of 1904 13 

Laws of Maryland, 1906, Chapter 779 13 

Laws of Maryland, 1908 14 

The Appointment of the Commission and its Preliminary Work 15 

The Site and the Design of the Building 20 

Ceremonies at the Laying of the Cornerstone of the Maryland Building 25 

The Auxiliary Commission 32 

The Work for Exhibits 35 

Furnishing of the Maryland Building 38 

Exhibits in the Maryland Building 44 

The Special Executive Exhibit 53 

The Opening of the Exposition and the Dedication of the Maryland Building 60 

Maryland Day 72 

The Horticultural Exhibit— The Oyster Exhibit 91 

The Shell Fish Exhibit 101 

Exhibit in the Mines Building 103 

Maryland Educational Exhibits 107 

Maryland Branch of the Colonial Dames — ^The Manor Houses of Maryland 114 

Individual Exhibits 121 

The Hospitality of Maryland 125 

Closing up the Work 128 

The Battle of North Point — The Bombardment of Fort McHenry and the Birth of 

' 'The Star Spangled Banner" 133 



ILLUSTRATIONS 

The Maryland Building at the Jamestown Exposition Frontispiece 

Two views of Homewood from which the Maryland Building was planned 12 

Hon. Edwin Warfield, Governor of Maryland, 1904-1908 14 

The Maryland Board of Pubhc Works, 1908 16 

Officers of the Auxiliary Commission 20 

The Executive Committee 24 

Incidents of September 19, 1906 28 

Members of Maryland Commission to Jamestown Exposition 32, 38, 48, 80 

Interior Views of the Maryland Building 44 

Governor Warfield delivering address at the Dedication, etc 60 

Views of Horticultural Exhibit 94, 98 

Some of the Maryland Exhibits 122 

Governor Warfield and Party — Officers Fifth Regiment 126 




MARYLAND COMMISSION TO THE JAMESTOWN 

EXPOSITION 

Hon. Edwin Warfield, Governor of Maryland 

Commissioners 
Frederick M. Colston, Baltimore, Chairman 
Carter Lee Bowie, Collington, Vice-Chairman 
Lynn R. Meekins, Baltimore, Secretary 
Douglas H. Thomas, Baltimore, Treasurer 



Hope H. Barroll, Chestertown 
Oliver D. Collins, Snow Hill 
Charles A. Councilman, Glyndon 
S. Frank Dashiell, Dame's Quarter 
Richard S. Dodson, St. Michaels 
Allan Farquhar, Sandy Springs 
Reuben Foster, Baltimore 
William W. Goldsborough, Greensboro 
John H. Jamar, Elkton 
David G. McIntosh, Towson 



J. Martin McNabb, Macton 
Seymour Mandelbaum, Baltimore 
James W. Owtins, Annapolis 
W. J. Price, Jr., Centerville 
Jacob Rohrback, Frederick 
John P. Shannon, Frostburg 
John K. Shaw, Jr., Baltimore 
T. Herbert Shriver, Union Mills 
Palmer Tennant, Hagerstown 
George M. Thomas. Charlotte Hall 



John Warfield, Baltimore 

Honorary Commissioners 
Hon. Murray Vandiver, Treasurer of Maryland 
Hon. Gordon T. Atkinson, Comptroller of Maryland 
J. Willlam Baughman, of Frederick 

Auxiliary Committee 
Mrs. John Ridgely, of "Hampton," President 
Mrs. Jesse Tyson, Cylburn, Treasurer 
Mrs. Henry W. Rogers, Baltimore, Secretary 
Mrs. Elihu E. Jackson, Salisbury Mrs. Lloyd Lowndes, Cumberland 

Host of the Maryland Building 
J. William Baughman, Honorary Commissioner, Frederick 

Hostess of the Maryland Building 
Miss Mary L. Robbins, Cumberland 

Assistant Secretary 
Miss Edith Stowe 



Architect of the Maryland Building 
Douglas H. Thomas, Jr., Baltimore 



12 REPOET OF MARYLAND COMMISSION 

Special Industrial Committee 

J. Harry Tregoe, Chairman 

W. W. Cator James Preston E. K. Pattison 

Director of the Geological Exhibit 
Dr. William Bullock Clarke 

Director of the Horticultural Exhibit 
Professor Thomas B. Symons 

Director of the Oyster Exhibit 
Dr. Caswell Grave 

Director of the Historical Exhibit 
George W. McCreary 

Special Executive Historian 
Mrs. Hester Dorsey Richardson 





TWO \ii:\V8()K ii()Mi;\V()()i), I'Ko.M \viiic":i riii-; mauvi.aM) lU'ii.Dixr, was ri.ANNi.i) 



I. 

JOINT RESOLUTION NO. 5, LAWS OF 1904. 

Whereas, The Legislature of Virginia has passed a joint resolution requesting the 
governor of that state to invite the cooperation and assistance of each and every other 
state in this Union, in order that each of them adopt the necessary measures to be 
suitably and appropriately represented at the Jamestown Exposition to be held in May, 
1907; and, 

Whereas, The governor of Maryland in transmitting to the General Assembly at 
the request of the governor of Virginia, the said joint resolution, has recommended the 
adoption of such measures as in its judgment may be deemed best to enable Maryland 
to be properly and appropriately represented at the said exposition; thereore, be it 

Resolved by the General Assembly of Maryland, That the governor be and he is 
hereby requested to appoint a commission of thirteen representatives to represent the 
state of Maryland, and to attend the Jamestown Exposition on the shores of Hampton 
Roads, Virginia, on the thirteenth of May, 1907, which commission shall submit to the 
next General Assembly of Maryland such suggestions as to them may seem desirable 
concerning the legislation necessary to carry out the objects and purposes of this 
commission. 

n. 

LAWS OF MARYLAND, 1906. 

Chapter 779. 

" An act to appropriate the sum of sixty-five thousand dollars for the use of the com- 
missioners appointed by the governor, under the authority conferred on him by Joint 
Resolution No. 5 of the Acts of 1904, and to enable them to have the state of Mary- 
land suitably represented at the Jamestown Exposition in the year 1907, and to 
authorize the governor to enlarge said commission." 
Whereas, By Joint Resolution No. 5, of the General Assembly of Maryland, in the 
Acts of 1904, the governor of the state was authorized to appoint thirteen commissioners 
to represent this state at the Jamestown Exposition to he held in the year 1907, and 
said commissioners, after visiting the grounds, have reported favorably upon the 
position assigned to the state of Maryland, and upon the progress of the work in pre- 
paring for said exposition; and 

Whereas, The cordial relations existing between the people of the states of Mary- 
land and Virginia, and the numerous ties both of friendship and trade, which bind them 
together, justify a liberal response on the part of this state in contributing to the success 
of an exposition which is commanding world-wide attention, and enlisting the active 
support of the national government and of the states of the Union ; and. 

Whereas, It is desirous that the commission having the interests of tho state in 
charge be representative and influential, now therefore, 

Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of MarylamI, That the governor 
be and he is hereby authorized, in his discretion, to enlarge the number of commissioners 
appointed under authority by Joint Resolution No. 5 of the General Assembly, Acts of 



14 REPORT OF MARYLAND COMMISSION 

1904, to the number of twenty-five ; and also to appoint an auxiliary commission of five 
women to assist said commission in the discharge of their duties. 

Section 2. And he it enacted, That the sum of sixty-five thousand dollars, or so 
much thereof as may be necessary, be and is hereby appropriated to said commission, 
to be used for the purpose set forth in the preamble of this act, and the comptroller 
of the state is hereby authorized and directed to draw his warrant on the treasurer of 
the state, for the payments of such requisitions, to the extent of this appropriation as 
may from time to time be made upon him by the said commission, said requisition to 
be signed by the chairman of the said commission and be countersigned by its treasurer, 
to be accompanied by the estimate of the expenses for which the money so drawn is to 
be appKed. 

Section 3. And he it enacted, That this act shall take effect from the date of its 
passage. 
Approved April 5, 1906. 

III. 
LAWS OF MARYLAND, 1908. 

A Bill entitled an Act authorizing the Maryland Commissioners to the James- 
town Ter-Centennial Exposition to turn over and transfer the Maryland Building at the 
Jamestown Exposition to the Board of Public Works of Maryland and authorizing 
said Board of Public Works to sell said building, and pending the sale thereof, to keep 
said building insured and otherwise preserved, and making an appropriation for said 
purposes. 

Section 1. Be it enacted hy the General Assembly of Maryland. That the Maryland 
Commissioners to the Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition be and they are hereby 
authorized and directed to transfer, assign, convey and turn over to the Board of Public 
Works of Maryland, the Maryland Building at the Jamestown Exposition so that the 
same shall become the property of the State of Maryland and that the said Board of 
Public Works be and is hereby authorized and empowered to sell said building for such 
sum, at such time and in such manner as said Board of Public Works may deem proper; 
and that said Board of PubHc Works be and it is hereby further authorized, pending the 
sale of said building as aforesaid, to keep the same insured and to otherwise fully protect 
and preserve the same as the property of the state. 

Section 2, and he it further enacted. That for the purposes aforesaid the sum of one 
thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may be necessary, is hereby appropriated for 
the insurance, care and protection of the said Maryland Building until it shall be sold, 
and that the comptroller be and he is hereby authorized and directed to draw his 
warrant upon the treasurer in favor of the Board of Public Works for said sum of one 
thousand dollars, or so much thereof as the said Board may require, to be applied by 
said Board for the purposes aforesaid. 




HON. KDWIN WARFIELD. 
Governor of Maryland 1904 to 



1908. 



Chapter I. 

THE APPOINTMENT OF THE COMMISSION AND ITS 
PRELIMINARY WORK. 

In February, 1904, General Fitzhugh Lee visited Governor Warfield at 
the Executive Mansion at Annapolis. General Lee was president of the 
body that had been organized in Virginia to hold a great historical, mihtary, 
and industrial exposition on Hampton Roads to commemorate the 300th 
anniversary of the first permanent EngHsh settlement in America. 

General Lee was received with distinguished honors. He addressed 
the General Assembly in advocacy of Maryland's participation in the 
enterprise. His proposals met with much favor and unusual enthusiasm 
was manifested by the audience. There promptly followed a joint resolu- 
tion accepting the invitation of Virginia and its governor that Maryland 
be suitably and appropriately represented, and providing for the appoint- 
ment of a commission of thirteen to submit their suggestions to the next 
General Assembly. 

In 1905 Governor Warfield appointed the thirteen commissioners as 
follows: Mr. Daniel Baker, who resigned; Mr. Carter Lee Bowie, Prince 
George's County; Mr. Ohver D. ColHns, Worcester County; Captain 
Frederick M. Colston, Baltimore City; Senator S. Frank Dashiell, Somerset 
County; Mr. Allan Farquhar, Montgomery County; Colonel David G. 
Mcintosh, Baltimore County; Mr. Lynn R. Meekins, Baltimore City; 
Colonel James W. Owens, Anne Arundel County; Mr. Jacob Rohrback, 
Frederick County, appointed in place of Mr. Daniel Baker; Mr. T. Herbert 
Shriver, Carroll County; Mr. Palmer Tennant, Washington County; and 
Mr. Douglas H. Thomas, Baltimore City. 

These commissioners met for organization in the Fidehty Building by 
invitation of Governor Warfield on the fourth of December, 1905, all being 
present except Senator Dashiell. They were welcomed by the governor 
who assured them of his hearty cooperation in their work. Mr. Douglas 
H. Thomas was elected temporary president, and Mr. Lynn R. Meekins 
was elected temporary secretary. The following permanent officers were 
then chosen: chairman. Captain Frederick M. Colston; secretary-treasurer, 
Mr. Lynn R. Meekins. The following committees were appointed: Execu- 
tive — Messrs. Colston, Bowie, Mcintosh, Meekins, and Thomas. Legisla- 
tion — Messrs. Owens, Mcintosh and Tennant. Finance — Messrs. Thomas, 
Baker and Bowie. 



16 REPORT OF MARYLAND COMMISSION 

Mr. Daniel Baker attended the first meeting but the next day finding 
he would not be able to serve he sent his resignation to the governor. 

At the first meeting in December, 1905, Colonel Owens reviewed the 
appropriation bills for previous expositions and offered a resolution that 
the commission pay an early visit to the exposition grounds. This was 
adopted and the arrangements for the trip were made within the next 
twenty-four hours. 

The party left on the Old Bay Line steamer Virginia, December 13, and 
spent the next day inspecting the grounds. They were entertained at 
Norfolk by the ofiicials of the exposition. On the way up the bay that 
night, December 14, a meeting was held on the ship and there was a full 
interchange of views. The first vote taken by the commission was to 
express its opinion that Maryland should erect a colonial building to cost 
from $30,000 to $40,000, in harmony with the general plans of the exposi- 
tion company and that the state exhibit should be along historical and 
educational lines. The chairman and secretary were directed to make a 
report to the governor and to the General Assembly. Colonel Owens was 
authorized to frame a letter to the Maryland delegation in Congress urging 
assistance in all matters of national legislation furthering the interests of 
the exposition. Steps were also taken to arrange a conference of the 
business and commercial organizations of Baltimore. 

The report to the governor and the General Assembly, which was duly 
submitted, included the following: 

The officials assured us that the exposition will represent an investment of between 
seven millions and eight millions of dollars. President Tucker is meeting with signal 
success in Europe, where he has gone to invite the various governments. His invita- 
tions are supported by an act of Congress and the enthusiastic approval of the presi- 
dent. The national government is further committed in other ways. 

About one-third of the states have either made appropriations or are moving for 
action in the legislatures which convene in a few weeks. New York has appropriated 
$150,000; Pennsylvania, S100,000. 

After a thorough discussion of the whole matter the commissioners present at the 
meeting decided unanimously that Maryland's appropriation should not be less than 
$100,000. We trust that their verdict will meet with your approval. 

The general plans of the exposition are; first historical; second, educational; and 
third, industrial. Special emphasis is placed upon the historical because of the event 
celebrated and the opportunity for an unique display. The Maryland Commissioners, 
therefore, recommend that the structure erected be in harmony with this scheme and 
that its exhibits be along historical and educational lines. It is the sense of the com- 
missioners that a colonial building of the Maryland type should cost not over $30,000 or 
$40,000. 

The commissioners, by vote, beg to ask your favorable consideration of a joint reso- 
lution to be offered to the legislature increasing the number of members on the commis- 
sion. The conviction is very clear to us that a large number of representative Maryland- 
ers on this body would be not only helpful in the work that must be done, but desirable 
from other points of view. 










53 






- o 



JAMESTOWN TER-CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 17 

In conclusion we beg to say that we consider the exposition not only a celebration 
worthy of Maryland's best interest, but also an opportunity for Maryland's trade and 
industry which we cannot afford to slight either by an inadequate building or an incom- 
plete exhibit. 

Governor Warfield promptly supported the recommendations of the 
commission and in a special message to the General Assembly said: 

The last legislature recognized the importance of the Jamestown Exposition on the 
shores of Hampton Roads, Virginia, which will begin on May 13, 1907, by passing a 
joint resolution requesting the governor to appoint a commission of thirteen members to 
represent the state and to make suggestions concerning a suitable and proper representa- 
tion by Maryland. 

Acting under this authority, I have appointed a commission consisting of thirteen 
representative men of the state. 

The commission report that they have made a thorough inspection of the grounds 
and of the working plans; that they believe the exposition to be an assured success, and 
that it will afford a great opportunity for the exhibition of Maryland's patriotism, trade 
and industry. 

Maryland is closer to Virginia in historical association and trade relationship than 
any other state. 

As the gateway of the South, we have large interests at stake. This exposition will 
not only celebrate the three hundredth anniversary of the first permanent settlement 
of English-speaking people on the American continent, but will bring together the 
people of the South as has no other event in our history, and bind them, if possible, 
closer together. 

The officials in charge of this exposition have tendered to our state a position of 
honor upon the grounds second only to that of Virginia. 

It is, therefore, eminently fitting and proper that Maryland should have an adequate 
building and exhibit of its historical, educational and industrial achievements and 
resources that will be creditable to us all. The government of the United States has 
made a substantial appropriation and the president has deemed it of such importance as 
to merit special reference in his message to Congress. New York, Pennsylvania and 
New Jersey have decided to participate; New York having appropriated $150,000 for 
a building and exhibit and Pennsylvania $100,000. Of all expositions ever held in this 
country, it will be of the largest direct and practical importance to Maryland. 

I, therefore, heartily recommend a liberal appropriation for Maryland's representa- 
tion at the Jamestown Exposition. 

On January 11, the commissioners met in the Fidelity Building and 
laid their Hues for work at Annapolis. Colonel Owens reported on the bill 
to be drawn and Colonel Mcintosh and Mr. Tennant were requested by the 
commission to meet him for the purpose of putting in shape the necessary 
legislation. After the meeting representatives of the business bodies of 
Baltimore met the commission. They came on special invitation and for 
two hours there were speeches and interchanges of views, resulting in a 
cordial approval of the work and plans of the commission and in the calling 
of a public meeting in the rooms of the Travelers and Merchants Associa- 
tion on the eighteenth of January. 



18 EEPOET OF MARYLAND COMMISSION 

At this meeting Dr. David H. Carroll, president of the Merchants and 
Manufacturers Association, was chairman, and speeches were made by 
Dr. Carroll, 0. D. Batchelor, Esq., general counsel of the exposition com- 
pany; Mr. Jerome Joyce, Mr. W. W. Parker, Captain Frederick M. Cols- 
ton, Col. James W. Owens, and others. 

A resolution was passed heartih' endorsing the commission and the 
folloT\ing committee was appointed to advocate the necessary appropria- 
tion: Mr. J. Hariy Tregoe, president of the Travelers and Merchants Associ- 
ation; Mr. George J. Gehring, president of <the Old To^\'n Merchants and 
Manufacturers Association; Mr. W. W. Parker, president of the Northeast 
Baltimore Improvement Association, and Mr. J. F. Parlett president, of the 
Mt. Royal Improvement Association. 

Following this meeting, letters and statements of the exposition and of 
the plans of the Maryland Commission were sent to the thirty organizations 
in Baltimore and general interest was aroused 

The Marj'land commissioners, in committees and indi\idually, made 
trips to Annapohs, giving their time and efforts to the work of impressing 
the necessity of a hberal appropriation. 

The formal hearing before the joint committee of the finance of the 
Senate and the ways and means of the House was held on February 21, 
Senator Gorman presiding. There was a large attendance of commissioners 
and of representatives of Baltimore business interests. Speeches were 
made by Captain Frederick M. Colston, Hon. St. George Tucker, president 
of the exposition, Hon. T. J. Wool, general counsel of the exposition, and 
by Mr. Douglas H. Thomas and Col. James W. Owens of the Mar^dand 
Commission. After this meeting the commissioners sent other letters and 
made further ^isits to the legislature. It looked for a time as though the 
appropriation would not be more than 850,000 but largely through the 
efforts of Senator Dashiell it was raised to 865,000, the same sum that was 
appropriated for the Louisiana Purchase Exposition at St. Louis in 1904. 

On April 10, at the first regular meeting of the commission after the 
adjournment of the legislature, Mr. L^mn R. Meekins resigned as treasurer. 
Mr. Douglas H. Thomas was unanimously elected and the Merchants Bank 
was selected as depository- for the commission's funds. It was ordered that 
no money be drawn out except on the signature of two of three officials, 
the three to be the chairman, the treasurer and the secretary: all vouchers 
and checks to be signed by two of these three. 

On July 6, Governor Warfield appointed the new commissioners pro- 
^dded for in the law of 1906 as follows: 

Mr. Hope H. Barroll, Chestertown; Mr. Charles A. Councilman, Glyndon; 
Mr. Reuben Foster, Baltimore City; Dr. Wilham Winder Goldsborough, 
Greensboro; Dr. John H. Jamar, Elkton; Mr. J. Martin McXabb. Macton; 
Mr. Seymour Mandelbaum, Baltimore City; Mr. W. J. Price, Jr., Center- 



JAMESTOWN TER-CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 19 

ville; Senator John B. Shannon, Frostburg; Mr. John K. Shaw, Jr., Balti- 
more City; Major George M. Thomas, Charlotte Hall, and Mr. John Warfield, 
Baltimore City. 

Later he appointed the auxiliary commission as follows: Mrs. John 
Ridgely, ^'Hampton/' Towson; Mrs. Jesse Tyson, Baltimore County; Mrs. 
Henry W. Rogers, Baltimore City; Mrs. Lloyd Lowndes, Cumberland; and 
Mrs. E. E. Jackson, Salisbury. 

The full commission met in the permanent offices, 810 Fidelity Building, 
on August 11, 1906. A statement of minutes covering the work of the 
commission to that date was approved and adopted as the report of the 
commission. Mr. Carter Lee Bowie was elected vice-chairman and Mr. 
Reuben Foster was elected a member of the executive committee. The 
rule that no money be drawn out except on the signature of two of three 
officials, the three to be the chairman, treasurer and secretary; all vouchers 
and checks to be signed by two of these three, was changed so as to include 
the vice-chairman. At this meeting it was decided that on the trips of the 
commission all personal guests should be at the expense of the com- 
missioners individually. The only change from this rule during the life 
of the commission was on Maryland Day, September 12, 1907, when each 
commissioner was allowed to take his wife or one other guest free. 



Chapter II. 

THE SITE AND THE DESIGN OF THE BUILDING. 

Two sites were assigned to Maryland in the early part of 1906 and both 
were declined. The matter necessitated several visits of the commissioners 
to Hampton Roads and conferences with the exposition authorities. The 
difficulty arose not from any lack of kindly disposition on the part of the 
officials but because the plans of the exposition underwent various changes 
and the state buildings were shifted to different parts of the grounds. 
Finally it was decided that the Marylanders select their site in conjunction 
and agreement with the Virginia commissioners if possible, but that the 
selection be made on its general advantages, especially in regard to the 
water front, bearing in mind that proximity to Virginia was desirable, all 
other things being equal. 

On April 14, Captain Frederick M. Colston, chairman, Mr. Allan 
Farquhar, Mr. OHver D. ColHns and Mr. Lynn R. Meekins spent the 
day on the grounds. The result of their work was the selection of a site 
fronting on Willoughby Boulevard next to that of Virginia. This was 
considered one of the best locations on the grounds and the choice was 
cordially endorsed by the commissioners at their general meeting on the 
eleventh of May. 

On the sixth of April, 1906 a letter was addressed to Messrs. Arthur & 
Thomas, Messrs. Wyatt & Nolting, Messrs. Addison & Parsons, Messrs. 
Parker & Thomas, Mr. J. Appleton Wilson, Mr. Lawrence H. Fowler and 
other leading architects stating that the Maryland commissioners were 
seeking an architectural design that would be characteristic of the state and 
embody large historical significance, and asking for general suggestions as 
to the proper Unes on which to proceed. Interesting and helpful repHes 
were received. The letter of Mr. Lawrence H. Fowler was accepted as 
expressing the desires of the commission with particular point and satis- 
faction. 

There was a suggestion that the state capitol be reproduced but that 
was abandoned. The second suggestion is mentioned in Mr. Fowler's 
letter which is copied in part below: 

In regard to the second suggestion, viz: to erect a handsome and commodious house 
that will follow old colonial lines with plenty of modern porches, I think you will find 
that, so far, no one has succeeded in combining a modern porch and a colonial house 
except by sacrificing the colonial character of the whole, a character which the Maryland 




OFFICERS OF THE Al XIl.lAUV COMMlSSlOiN 



L 



JAMESTOWN TER-CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 21 

Building at the Jamestown Exposition should certainly have. It seems to me that 
there is a hint for a good solution of the problem in those old Maryland houses that 
consist of a central building of several stories with lower wings on each side connected 
to the central part by passages. This is a disposition of mass and plan typical of the 
colonial work of Maryland. The best examples are "Whitehall," near AnnapoHs, ''Hamp- 
ton," near Towson, ''Homewood" (the Boys' Country School) near Baltimore, and 
several town houses in Annapolis, the Harwood, Brice, and Paca houses. This type 
would allow an imposing entrance portico to the main building, and the wings and 
connecting passages could be treated as porches, in the form of open loggia, without 
destroying the colonial character of the whole. "Hampton" is an interesting example 
of the effect to be obtained from the use of stucco or "staff" in the place of the more 
costly colonial brick. It might be possible to make the principal room a reproduction 
of the restored senate chamber, or to incorporate in the building a central vestibule or 
rotunda similar to the very fine one of the state house; — by far the best feature of that 
building. 

On April 10, Messrs. Frederick M. Colston, David G. Mcintosh, Douglas 
H. Thomas, Carter Lee BoTsie and Lynn R. Meekins were elected a com- 
mittee to select the design and to make arrangements for the Maryland 
Building, the understanding being that their work would come before the 
commission for its endorsement. This committee, after several meetings, 
presented the follo^dng to the commission on May 11: 

At the meeting of the Committee on Design, on Tuesday, May 8, it was decided 
to request the commission to discuss the ad\'isability of employing Mr. Douglas H. 
Thomas, Jr., to design the Maryland Building and prepare the plans for the bidding for 
its construction. Mr. Douglas H. Thomas declined to join in this request. 

The members of the committee stated that Mr. Thomas had won dis- 
tinguished position by his work in Maryland, that he was a native of the 
state, and that, as one of the architects of the Jamestown Exposition, his 
knowledge would be of large value to Maryland. The members expressed 
themselves as favoring the widest possible competition and it was decided 
that Mr. Douglas H. Thomas, Jr., be chosen architect of the commission, 
the final engagement of Mr. Thomas to be dependent upon the selection of 
a design from several to be submitted by him to the commission. Mr. 
Thomas accepted the office on the fourteenth of May. 

On June 13, Mr. Douglas H. Thomas, Jr., presented several sketches to 
the commission. Those marked "A", being a modified reproduction of 
''Homewood," the old Carroll mansion on Charles Street Avenue, were 
accepted by unanimous vote. The executive committee was authorized 
to proceed with all diHgence and to advertise for bids at the earliest possible 
moment. 

On the sixth of September Mr. Douglas H. Thomas, Jr., reported that 
the drawings and specifications were ready for bids. The firm of Parker 
& Thomas was authorized by the executive committee to advertise this 
fact as widely as possible. The following advertisement was inserted in the 



22 REPORT OF MARYLAND COMMISSION 

daily papers of Baltimore and in the special publications reaching builders 
in Maryland, and it was also communicated to builders at Norfolk: 

Bids for the Maryland Building at the Jamestown Exposition. Application for 
drawings and specifications must be made at the office of Parker & Thomas, 1109 Union 
Trust Building, on or before Monday, September 10. A check for $25 must be deposited 
with each application and $15 of this will be rebated on return of drawings. 

Estimates will be received not later than Tuesday, September 18, 1906. 

The commission reserves the right to reject any or all bids. 

Address all applications for drawings and specifications and all estimates to the 
architects of the Maryland Commission, Parker & Thomas, 1109 Union Trust Building, 
Baltimore, Md, 

On the trip of the commisson to the exposition grounds a regular meet- 
ing was held on the boat on the evening of September 18, 1906. Mr. 
Douglas H. Thomas, Jr., submitted the bids which his firm had received. 
When it was stated that there were no bids from Maryland some of the 
members thought it well to hold the matter back until the Maryland build- 
ers could be interested. This, however, was considered unfair to the actual 
bidders and it was decided to open the bids. They were as follows: 

Betts-Hayden Construction Co $16,300 

Henry Monk 18,425 

R. C. Strehlove and Co 20,300 

For the interior work there was only one bid, that of C. F. Meislahn 
and Company of Baltimore, $11,630. 

The contract for the building was awarded to the Betts-Hayden Con- 
struction Company for $16,300 and for the interior work to C. F. Meislahn 
and Company, for $11,630. 

In the original design the wings of the building were, in effect, commo- 
dious porches connected with the main building by wide loggias. The 
auxiliary commission at an early meeting decided to ask that a change be 
made in the plans whereby these wings should be turned into Hving apart- 
ments, each wing to have three bedrooms and a bath. Mrs. Henry W. 
Rogers, the secretary of the Auxihary Commission, communicated this 
proposal to the commission and it had the favor and endorsement of 
Governor Warfield. The Executive Committee accepted this suggestion, 
and on October 11, authorized the architects to make the change, placing 
the limit of the cost of the outside construction at $2,500. The matter was 
reported to the commission at a later meeting with the statement that the 
total additional expense, including the interior work and the plumbing, was 
$3,787. 

Owing to strikes and the delay in getting material and the sinking of a 
boat on which were the brick, the completion of the Maryland Building 
was delayed, but the finished structure was turned over before the opening 
day. 



JAMESTOWN TER-CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 23 

The total statement of cost as presented by the architects was as 
follows : 

Betts-Hayden Construction Company: 

Contract $16,300 . 00 

Extras 2,661 .40 $18,961 .40 

C. F. Meislahn and Company: 

Contract $11,630 . 00 

Extras 2,187.70 

$13,817.70 

Harry Alexander: 

Contract 330.60 

330.60 

Geo. W. Walther and Company: 

Contract 172 . 74 

172 . 74 

W. P. Nelson Company: 

Contract, as per bill 24 . 00 

24.00 

Sundry Bills: 

Hanley-Casey Company 46 . 00 

Hanley-Casey Company 1 .50 

Baugh and Sons 9.90 57.40 

$33,363.84 
Five per cent commission on total cost. . . . 1,688 . 19 $35,032 . 03 

'' Homewood" was selected for the Maryland Building at the exposition 
because it was considered an especially fine example of the old type of the 
colonial pecuUar to Maryland and the South, with certain touches that made 
it characteristic of this state. The general plan has the large main building 
with the two wings. The main building is square with an imposing portico 
in front, with a commodious hall, and a graceful stairway. In buildings 
of this character the hall went straight through the house, but the plan of 
"Homewood" was modified in order that the old Senate Chamber might 
be included. This necessitated the changing of the hall arrangement and 
the subordination of the stairway idea. The reproduction of the old 
Senate Chamber was made the chief architectural feature of the interior. 

The legislature of 1902 created a commission charged with the duty of 
erecting an addition to the present State House. For this $250,000 was 
appropriated. At the session of 1904 there was a further appropriation of 
$600,000 to complete the work and for repairs to the old State House 
This enterprise was under the direction of gentlemen intimately acquainted 
with the history of the state and the gem of the whole scheme was the 
restoration of the Senate Chamber as it existed in the revolutionary period 
and at the time when within its walls Washington resigned as Coniinandor- 
in-Chief of the American army. The architects were Messrs. Baldwin & 



24 REPORT OF MARYLAND COMMISSION 

Pennington. Messrs. Josiah Pennington and J. Applet on Wilson gave 
their ser\dces particularly to the work of restoring all the details of the old 
Senate Chamber. The models were made under their direction by Mr. 
C. F. Meislahn of Baltimore. 

From these models the replica of the old Senate Chamber in the Mary- 
land Building at Jamestown was produced by Mr. Meislahn. The 
commission, therefore, profited b}^ the original work of Messrs. Pennington 
and Wilson and were enabled to have a reproduction that was an absolute 
copy, accurate in all its details. The commission rendered to Mr. Josiah 
Baldwin and Mr. J. Appleton Wilson their special acknowledgments. It 
is not too much to say that the Senate Chamber attracted more attention 
and evoked more admiration than any hall or apartment at the exposition. 

To the Mar5''land Building many visitors of discriminating judgment 
awarded the highest praise for its effectiveness and perfection of detail, as 
well as for its general attractiveness. No hberties were taken with the 
exterior design and all the decoration was reproduced in substantial form. 
The building itself differs from most other exposition structures in that it is 
of permanent construction. The frame material is of the first quahty and 
upon this is a complete veneer of the best brick. 

For the history of ''Homewood" the commission is indebted to the 
Honorable John Lee Carroll, the distinguished ex-governor of Maryland 
and the president of the Sons of the Revolution. ''Homewood" has 
the distinction not only of having been built by Charles Carroll of 
Carrollton, but as having been the birthplace of John Lee Carroll. The 
original tract of land consisted of 270 acres. Ex-Governor Carroll, in reply 
to the letter of the commission, wTote: 

About the year 1798 the construction of the house was begun by Charles Carroll of 
Carrollton as a residence for his son ''Charles Carroll of Homewood," to be conveyed 
to him after his marriage in 1800. 

The marriage took place in that year and my father was born there in July, 1801. 
My father's brothers and sisters spent their early days at "Homewood" and when my 
grandfather died, in 1824, it was left to his son who resided there until 1833. 

On the death of Charles Carroll of CarroUton in November, 1832, my father removed 
his family to my present home where he lived until his death in 1862. 

In 1836 or 1837 he sold the entire Homewood estate to the late Mr. Wyman of 
Baltimore, in whose family it remained until transferred a few years ago to the Johns 
Hopkins University. 

I was born at "Homewood," September 30, 1830 and came here (Doughoregan 
Manor) with my family in 1833, but I have no recollection of the "Homewood" house 
and have no association with it. 

My impression is that a portion of the tract of land had been sold during the life 
of Mr. Wyman, and now I am rejoiced to feel that the house and grounds will always 
remain in the possession cf our own great University. I am. 

Very faithfully yours, 

John Lee Carroll. 






THE 


EXECUTIVE COM M ITTEE. 




Douglas H. Thomas. 




Cahtkr Lee Bowie, 


Hkhhen Fostek. 


Trkasukkk. 




ViCE-CllAIKMAN. 




David G. McIntosii, 




Fkeoekuk M. Colston. 


I.YNV H. Mkekins. 






CllAIHMAN 


SErUKTAUY. 



Chapter III. 

CEREMONIES AT THE LAYING OF THE CORNERSTONE OF 
THE MARYLAND BUILDING. 

September 12, the anniversary of the Star Spangled Banner, was first 
selected for laying the cornerstone of the Maryland Building at the James- 
town Exposition; but Baltimore City was celebrating a jubilee as a festival 
of rejoicing over the recuperation from the great fire of 1904, and so the 
date was postponed one week. 

For the nineteenth of September the exposition authorities arranged 
the most elaborate ceremonies that had been attempted since the enterprise 
was begun, including exercises for the laying of the cornerstones of the 
Maryland and Virginia buildings, breaking the ground for the Missouri 
building and the headquarters of the Travelers' Protective Association. 
In this program Maryland had a leading part. 

The Maryland party left Baltimore on the chartered steamer Danville 
of the Chesapeake Line on the evening of the eighteenth of September. 
The following commissioners were on board: Messrs. Carter Lee Bowie, 
Frederick M. Colston, S. Frank Dashiell, Richard S. Dodson, Allan Farqu- 
bar, Reuben Foster, John H. Jamar, David G. Mcintosh, J. Martin McNabb, 
Seymour Mandelbaum, L}Tin R. Meekins, James W. Owens, W. J. Price, 
Jr., Jacob Rohrback, John K. Shaw, Jr., T. Herbert Shriver, Palmer Tennant, 
Douglas H. Thomas, George M. Thomas and John Warfield. 

Of the Auxiliary Commission were the following: Mrs. John Ridgely, 
Mrs. Jesse Tyson, and Mrs. Henry W. Rogers. 

The governor's party and his staff were as follows: Governor Warfield 
and the Misses Warfield; Colonel Oswald Tilghman, Secretary of State; 
General Clinton L. Riggs and Mrs. Riggs; General Frank S. Hambleton and 
Mrs. Hambleton; General John M. T. Finney, Colonel Richard S. Hill, 
Colonel Joseph L. Wickes, Colonel E. Austin Baughman, Colonel W. Hopper 
Gibson, Colonel John L. G. Lee, Colonel M. Gillet Gill, Jr. 

Among the special guests of the commission were: Mr. Douglas H. 
Thomas, Jr., architect of the Maryland Building; Mr. George W. McCrear}', 
Director of the History Exhibit; Mr. J. Harry Tregoe, Chairman of the 
Special Industrial Committee; Mr. Howard May; Mrs. Robb; ^Irs. Charles 
R. Miller; Mrs. David G. Mcintosh; Mrs. Richard S. Dodson; Miss Farquhar; 
the Misses Shriver; Mrs. Emory; Mrs. Jacob Rohrback; Mr. and Mrs. 
Edward Deer Shriner; Mrs. Margaret E. S. Hood; Miss Mary Ramsburg; 



26 REPORT OF MARYLAND COMMISSION 

Dr. John B. Whitehead; Mr. Lynn W. Meekins; Mr. Shriver; Mr. Ridgely; 
Mr. McNabb. 

The party had a most dehghtful sail on the Chesapeake. They were 
greeted at Norfolk with a salute of seventeen guns, fired in honor of the 
governor by a detachment of the Norfolk Light Artillery Blues. They 
were met at Norfolk by committees and after some delay escorted to the 
exposition grounds. Here they were met by Governor Swanson of Virginia 
and his staff; Colonel C. C. Vaughn, Commanding the 71st Virginia Regi- 
ment and staff; members of the Virginia Commission; Rear Admiral Barker^ 
commandant of the Norfolk Navy Yard and staff; Major Strong and other 
officers of the United States Artillery Corps from Fort Monroe. The 71st 
Virginia Regiment, headed by the regimental band, and the 31st, 41st, 48th 
and 111th companies of Coast Artillery, headed by the 4th Artillery Band, 
were drawn up to receive the visitors. Governors Warfield and Swanson 
and Captain Frederick M. Colston, chairman of the Maryland Commission, 
rode at the head of the procession in a carriage which carried the Maryland 
colors held by Sergeants Wernsing and McCelland. At the grandstand 
the gold and black of the Maryland colors and the blue of Virginia were 
entwined in decoration. In oratory it was a time of reunion and comming- 
ling on the part of both the states. 

It was a day of memorable heat, and as the exposition was unfinished, 
the endurance of the visitors was put to test severely, especially as the 
exercises covered most of the day. There was a procession of carriages to 
the Lee Parade Ground on w^hich the speaking was to take place in an open 
stand. Here a crowd of several thousand had assembled. The hour set 
was eleven o'clock , but speaking did not begin until twelve-forty, when 
Hon. Harry St. George Tucker, president of the exposition company, 
introduced Bishop Tucker of Virginia, who made the opening prayer. 
President Tucker's speech was brief, and referred mainly to his audience 
with the King of England and of his travels in connection with the exposi- 
tion work. At the conclusion of his remarks he introduced Governor 
Swanson of Virginia. Governor Swanson's welcome to Maryland was 
received with great enthusiasm in spite of the sweltering weather, and he 
was constantly interrupted by applause. The governor in his speech made 
this reference to Maryland: 

Mr. President and Fellow Citizens of Virginia and Maryland: 

I cannot give expression to my profound pleasure that the ceremonies attending 
the laying of the cornerstones of the Virginia and Maryland Buildings at this exposition 
should be held jointly. I esteem it a high honor, a great privilege to be thus permitted 
to greet and welcome to this state the illustrious governor of that great commonwealth 
and his distinguished company. Their presence has made this a day ever to be remem- 
bered and treasured by us. I recall that John Jasper, a celebrated negro preacher of 
Richmond, in his sermons, frequently remarked that there were four kinds of people in 



JAMESTOWN TER-CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 27 

the world — Hottentots, Huguenots, Abyssinians and Virginians; that these included 
all. After meeting this splendid array of visitors today from our sister state, I wish 
to make a fifth class, peculiarly charming and attractive, the Marylanders. A Virginian 
remarked recently, when he died he wished to die in old Virginia, because the transition 
from there to heaven would be less abrupt and the change less sudden than from else- 
where. I feel sure that all Virginians will concur with me in saying that if this transition 
from earth to heaven can't be had in the Old Dominion, the next best locality from 
which we would desire to have it would be Maryland, since, next to Virginia, the change 
there would be less abrupt. 

There is no state in this union for which Virginia entertains a warmer regard, a 
higher esteem and a deeper reverence than for Maryland. Both of these illustrious 
commonwealths belong to America's aristocracy of states, since they are included in 
the thirteen original colonies. Maryland was once a part of Virginia, and Virginia 
parted with her very reluctantly. It was only by force of arms that Virginia consented 
to lose so fair and desirable a province. The first naval battle of America was fought 
on the Pocomoke river, on the twenty-third day of April, 1635, between the vessels 
of Clayborne, a Virginian, and Leonard Calvert, for control of Maryland. I must be 
frank enough to confess that in this, the first naval battle of the western world, the 
Marylanders were triumphant and defeated the Virginians. Thus, Maryland early 
gave indications of that supremacy and genious in naval warfare which afterwards, 
through her illustrious sons, Stephen Decatur and Winfield Scott Schley, wrote the 
brightest chapters in naval achievements of this nation. I am proud to salute a com- 
monwealth which can furnish, not to this nation, but to the world, two such immortal 
heroes. I cannot refrain upon this occasion from conveying to this splendid state my 
profound admiration for her in being the first organized government to be founded upon 
the eternal principle of the absolute freedom of human conscience in matters of rehgious 
worship and belief. The toleration act of Maryland, passed in 1649, is the first recorded 
legislative act of the world where absolute freedom of religious worship and belief were 
permitted. This great commonwealth has the glory of being the pioneer of all others 
in preserving the integrity and absolute freedom of human thought and conscience. A 
commonwealth possessed of such a proud distinction may well have her brow ever 
decked with a diadem of praise and fame. 

During the Revolutionary War, Maryland and Virginia stood shoulder to shoulder; 
both became battle-scarred with suffering and crowned with Revolutionary triumph. 
Her Samuel Chase and her Charles Carroll were Revolutionary patriots whose eminent 
service ranked with the best. Maryland has produced eminent sons, whose genious has 
made that commonwealth resplendent and illustrious. Her William Wirt and William 
Pinkney were famous orators, who have given to speech new charms and graces, and 
taught new powers to eloquence. She alone of the commonwealths of this nation could 
furnish in Roger Taney, a fit successor for Chief Justice Marshall of Virginia. Her 
Francis Scott Key, the author of "The Star Spangled Banner," furnished the battle 
hymn of the republic, whose soul stirring notes have animated brave hearts and made 
them carry "Old Glory" through many fields of carnage and danger to heights of vic- 
tory and glorious triumph. 

As the chief executive of this state, and in behalf of the people of Virginia, I gladly 
welcome Maryland to participation in this exposition. Her contributions to national 
greatness and glory justly entitle her to a full participation and high station in the 
coming exercises. I wish to assure her distinguished governor, and request him to 
convey to the citizens of his state the fact that no state in the I-nion will receive a 
warmer and more loving welcome than that extended to our sister state of Maryhuul. 

My friends, in passing I cound not refrain from paying this short, but deserving 



28 REPORT OF MARYLAND COMMISSION 

tribute, to this state, whose people have ever been friendly and generous to Virginia, 
alike in our days of prosperity and power, and in our dark hours of suffering and despair. 
That beautiful and stirring tune, ''My Maryland," almost awakens in the heart of a 
Virginian as much enthusiasm and delight as it does in the heart of a Marylander. 

After Governor Swanson concluded, the band played '^ Carry Me Back 
to Old Virginny." When the music ceased President Tucker introduced 
Governor Warfield, who was received with great applause, and whose 
speech was most cordially cheered throughout. Governor Warfield spoke 
as follows: 

President Tucker, Governor Swanson, Neighbors and Friends of Virginia: 

This is an auspicious, happy occasion, and if I stood here until the end of your 
great exposition next autumn, I could not tell you how delighted we are to be vrith. you. 
We cannot rightfully call this a reunion of Virginians and Marylanders, because there 
has never been anything but union and concord between Maryland and Virginia, and 
every time we meet it seems like the coming together of one family. Maryland thought 
so much of Virginia that she shoved her boundary line all way the across the Potomac 
to your side of the river — and then lost it. 

The only troubles we have ever had have come from trying to find whether we crossed 
this line in search of your crabs, or whether you crossed it in search of our oysters; and 
neither of us has ever been able to determine that anybody crossed anybody's line, or 
that there was any line to cross. 

We surely had no consciousness of a dividing line when we came down the Chesa- 
peake last night. We simply left our homes and came to yours to make a call of neigh- 
bors on neighbors, of friends on friends, of relatives on relatives — a visit of good Ameri- 
cans to some of the very best Americans, who have contributed and are contributing 
so much to the greatness, the glory and the progress of our common country. 

^Tien Mr. Meekins, the accomplished secretary of our commission came to make 
arrangements for this trip, he found that the usual daily traffic is so crowding the regular 
boats of the three great lines of ships plying between this section and Baltimore, that 
it was impossible to get accommodations for all of us who wanted to come, so in order 
to be with you today we were obKged to find an extra ship, and even she could not hold 
all who wished to make the voyage to your hospitable shores. 

This transportation condition is singularly significant. If the ordinary travel 
between these two ports is now so heavy that it taxes the resources of three splendid 
transportation companies, what of the future? I call upon my friend, Reuben Foster, 
president of one of these lines, and Mr. Douglas H. Thomas, a director of the Old Bay 
Line, both of whom are here present as members of the Maryland commission, to see 
that more ships are built, so that next year we shall have ample faciUties for the thou- 
sands who will want to come down our beautiful bay to visit this exposition. 

Your companies will need additional vessels to take care of the increased traffic of 
the future, which will flow as a resulting benefit of this exposition. 

This present increase in steamboat traffic is one of the material demonstrations of 
the marvelous growth of the South, a growth that in less than a decade has added a 
billion dollars to its taxable basis; a growth that has astonished and delighted the people 
of the whole nation. 

I believe, my friends, that this wonderful re\'ival and uplift of the South has not only 
caused our people to rejoice, because we are rearing Americans who are broad enough 
to be glad of the prosperity of any and every section of our land, but has directed their 



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JAMESTOWN TER-CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 29 

attention to those superior qualities which we find so splendidly contained and exempli- 
fied in Southern character. 

By common consent, the Southern woman is the finest type that the world has ever 
produced. In grace and beauty, in the ability to attract and delight; in every phase of 
social and intellectual life; in the courage to meet every hardship of fortune, she has 
won the highest place of all in the eulogies of orators and poets. 

With such mothers, such wives and such sweethearts, it is not surprising that the 
South has come from days of anguish to this splendid, illimitable dawn of fulfilment. 

And I want you men to distinctly understand that what I may say on the achieve- 
ments of the South and its increase in every line of material progress is based on the 
fact that it had the womanhood to which in the final analysis the greater glory must 
belong. 

The orginal suggestion for this exposition came, I am informed, from the women, 
and I applaud their generosity in allowing the men to run it and to work out the plans 
to that glorious success which awaits it next year. 

But my friends, its success cannot be complete without the refining influence, taste 
and aid of our women. Recognizing the need of such guiding advice, I have, by author- 
ity of the last legislature, appointed an advisory committee of five of Maryland's most 
gifted, patriotic and accomplished daughters to assist our commissioners in the dis- 
charge of their duties. 

We of the Southland are sometimes accused of boasting. Where is the harm, my 
friends, when we have something of which we can boast? 

Surely the demonstration of the South's new life is quite the finest thing in the 
whole history of American development. Let us not make the mistake of attributing 
it to a fortuitious concourse of events or to some modern impulse. 

The South has in it the heritage. 

The men who came here three hundred years ago and those who came to Maryland 
a little later, represented in their own persons and accomplishments a higher average 
of leadership than they left behind in the Old World. 

In the centuries that have passed their descendants have spread to the West. 
Virginia, the mother of presidents, has not only furnished native sons for the highest 
office in the land, but a larger part of the ancestry from which native sons of other 
states who became presidents and leaders have sprung. 

We of Maryland, claim a share in this great record. In determining the fate of the 
Northwest Territory, Maryland led the way for the nation, and Virginia, by her generosity 
and sacrifice, made possible the division of that vast territory into those common- 
wealths which have added so much to American citizenship and progress. 

Take the good that has sprung from Maryland and Virginia, from the sum total 
of American advancement, and you will find that everywhere and in everything there 
would be lamentable losses. 

We have not furnished the most plutocrats, but we have furnished a larger share 
of men and women who have done well in patriotism and culture, and in the things that 
count more in human endeavor than the accumulation of riches. 

Thus, my friends, it is to me a most inspiring thought that here, where the seeds of 
freedom were planted, we are to have a great exposition to show its best fruits, after 
three hundred years of unparalelled growth and expansion. 

The planners of this exposition acted wisely in seeking something more than material 
bigness, and I congratulate you, President Tucker, that we are to have here the proofs 
of what our nation has wrought in culture, education, skill and development of the 
human intelligence. 

More than that, I congratule you, sir, on the fact that you will colobralo no sectional 



30 REPORT OF MARYLAND COMMISSION 

event, but that your rejoicing will be the anniversary of the whole nation in the midst 
of history and in the presence of great things. 

Here, where the wisdom of manhood suffrage was first shown, where the problems 
of democracy were practically solved, where great American principles were grounded 
and live, must surely come to us that inspiration which will make us better citizens and 
arouse in us supreme confidence in the grandeur and certainty of our future. 

I predict that this exposition will lift the South to a higher, freer and finer plane 
than she has ever known. 

And I believe that, having demonstrated her qualities and having gathered here 
the models of her work, she will set new standards for the future. 

Those virtues of leadership which began three hundred years ago and which have 
grown stronger and better with the years, are with us yet; and the South should be pre- 
pared not only to yield new leaders in art, literature, education and culture, but to 
furnish more presidents of the United States. 

For today, in her homes and in her public offices, are men as able and as strong as 
she has ever had. 

The past appeals to us with all of its splendid history and traditions, but nothing in 
it can equal the present material prosperity of the South or the quality of manhood 
which is controlling and increasing these wonderful results, while the future, with the 
present as its starting point, holds in it all the best that destiny can give. 

We are here at the gateway of the South, to break ground for the building for Mary- 
land and to hoist the ancient and honored flag of the most northerly of Southern States, 
in which is located our beautiful Baltimore, the metropohs of the South. 

We bring to you tidings that our commonwealth was never so prosperous and her 
people never so contented as they are today. 

We have set new standards in education. The world is applauding our work in 
philanthropy Our politics are better, and are becoming cleaner and purer each year, 
and there is an earnest determination to promote the public service. Our state is 
practically out of debt, and our business, in spite of the fire in Baltimore two years ago, 
has reached unprecedented totals. 

So we are a contented and happy people, and as such have come to help you in our 
joyousness to celebrate a great event, to contribute our share in making this patriotic 
enterprise a magnificent success, and at the same time to tell you, the people of the 
South, that we want more of your trade, more of your sons and daughters for our schools, 
more of your friendship, more of your delightful social influence and intercourse, and 
more of everything that will knit Maryland and our Baltimore indissolubly with the 
South. 

In every part of your vast exposition Maryland will be represented. Our fanners 
and our growers, our fishermen and our oystermen, our manufacturers and our railroads, 
will show what Maryland has done and is doing — ^will exhibit to the world that our 
resources are as varied as those of any state in the Union, and that no city makes more 
useful and needful things than are produced by the industries of Baltimore. 

The building we now begin will be dedicated to hospitality and to our historic 
achievements and the work we are doing in education and art. It will be modeled after 
one of our famous colonial homes, and I promise that you will find in it aU the warmth, 
all the fullness and all the charm of Maryland's traditional hospitality. 

In it will be an exact reproduction of the old senate chamber of the ancient senate 
house in Annapolis, in which George Washington resigned his commission as commander- 
in-chief of the Continental army. 

We are rejoiced. Governor Swanson, to have our building next to that of your state. 
There will be no fence between our lots just as there is no boundary line between our 
states or division in our hearts. 



JAMESTOWN TER-CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 31 

If a Virginian misses his doorstep and wanders into our building thinking it his own 
house, he will find a cordial welcome, and we will make him feel at home and keep him 
as long as he is willing to stay. 

I deem it most fortunate that we are able to join in these exercises and I thank you 
as governor of Maryland and as the representative not only of the Marylanders present, 
but of the twelve hundred thousand at home, for the honor you have done us and for 
making our coming so full of interest and enjoyment. 

When Governor Warfield concluded, the band began to play '' Maryland 
My Maryland" and the applause was so great that the governor was obliged 
to advance to the front of the stage several times to bow his thanks. 

Then followed the review of the troops with the governors of Maryland 
and Virginia standing side by side. 

Upon the conclusion of the review the party repaired to the site of the 
Maryland Building. Here a small frame shed had been erected, and a band 
was present to furnish music. Lieutenant-Governor J. Taylor Ellyson of 
Virginia, on behalf of the board of governors of the exposition company, 
made the speech of presentation. He alluded to the close ties between 
Maryland and Virginia, congratulated Maryland upon its fine site, and then 
delivered the option contract to Captain Colston, the chairman of the 
Maryland Commission. Captain Colston reciprocated the sentiments 
expressed by Governor Ellj^son, promised that Maryland would do her best 
to show her friendship for Virginia and her interest in the exposition, and 
thanked the Virginians for their greetings. 

After this Governor Warfield took the spade which had been especially 
decorated with gold and black for the occasion. He turned the first spade 
full of earth for the building, and then he dug a neat and appropriate resting 
place for the corner-stone. The corner-stone was a square block of white 
marble, with the Maryland coat of arms, and with the date ''September 
19, 1906," carved on one side. As the governor finished his task, Miss 
Carrie Warfield pulled the halyard that unfurled the beautiful Maryland 
flag from the top of the pole in the center of the Maryland lot; and the band 
played ''Maryland My Maryand" while the audience applauded. 

The Marylanders were present at the other functions of the day. 
Some of them went to the reception in the Arts Building; others attended 
the reception given to Governors Warfield and Swanson in Norfolk by the 
Board of Trade and the Business Men's Association; and all of them came 
together again at night at Old Point at the Hotel Chamberlin, where dinner 
was served. The party embarked about ten o'clock and reached Baltimore 
twelve hours later. 



Chapter IV. 

THE AUXILIARY COMMISSION. 

It was a happy thought that suggested the appointment of five women 
to compose an auxiliary commission, for Maryland'^ success at the exposi- 
tion was due in a large measure to their active interest and cooperation in 
the gathering of exhibits and the furnishing of the Maryland Building. 

Governor Edwin Warfield appointed the following members of the 
commission as provided for in Chapter 779, laws of Maryland, 1906, in 
which he was authorized 'Ho appoint an auxiliary commission of five 
women to assist said commission in the discharge of their duties:" 

Mrs. John Ridgely of ''Hampton," Baltimore County. 

Mrs. Jesse Tyson, Baltimore County. 

Mrs. Henry W. Rogers, Baltimore City. 

Mrs. E. E. Jackson, Salisbury. 

Mrs. Lloyd Lowndes, Cumberland. 

The Auxiliary Commission held its first meeting on October 10, at 417 
North Charles Street, all the members being present. Mrs. John Ridgely 
was elected chairman, Mrs. Henry W. Rogers, secretary, and Mrs. Jesse 
Tyson, treasurer. 

The Executive Committee, on August 23, 1906, decided to leave the 
matter of the appointment of the hostess of the Maryland Building to 
the Auxiliary Commission. 

The Auxiliary Commission joined the Executive Committee in a visit 
to the exposition grounds on March 26, 1907, when a thorough inspection 
of the Maryland Building, then uncompleted, was made. 

The members of the Auxiliary Commission were invited to attend the 
ceremonies of the laying of the corner-stone on September 19, 1906, and the 
following were present: Mrs. John Ridgely, Mrs. Jesse Tyson and Mrs. 
Henry W. Rogers. On this trip the ladies held an informal reception to 
the members of the commission and their guests. The commission set aside 
$500 for the expenses of the Auxihary Commission. 

At their meeting on October 10, the ladies of the Auxihary Commission 
decided that no appointments for positions in the Maryland Building should 
be made until January. It was also decided to ask the Maryland Commis- 
sion to alter the plans of the building so that Hving accommodations might 
be provided and the following letter was sent by Mrs. Rogers, the sec- 
retary: 




John Waukikld. 
Dr. John H. Jama it. 



A I, LAN FAUgi'HAU. 
liHIIAUl) S. |)oi.S(.N. 

(ii;oi<i;i: M. Thom \n. 



John 1'. Sii \\\on. 

I". IlllilUlUl SllUlVKH. 



1 



JAMESTOWN TER-CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 33 

The Auxiliary Commission respectfully asks your consideration of a few suggestions 
in regard to the Maryland Building. It has been proposed to have three small bed- 
rooms and a bath for the use of the hostess and two of the members of the Auxiliary 
Commission. The furnishings to be of the simplest kind. With such accommodations 
in the building it would be convenient for some of the ladies to be there frequently, and 
at much less expense than having quarters at the Inside Inn. No cooking of any conse- 
quence need be required as the janitor could furnish a simple breakfast and dinner could 
be obtained at the hotels or restaurants. If such an arrangement could be effected we 
feel that it would add very much to the social success of the Maryland Building and 
make it possible for the members of the Auxiliary Commission to have a personal 
supervision over the management and be on the spot when needed. 

These suggestions which were endorsed by Governor Warfield and 
approved by the commission were put into effect. 

At the suggestion of the Auxiliary Commission a china cabinet was 
added to one of the rooms at a cost of $152. 

The Auxihary Commission held a meeting for the purpose of selecting 
the hostess on January 8, 1907. There were five candidates for the position 
and all of them appeared. Miss Mary Lynn Robbins of Cumberland, 
Maryland, was unanimously elected. 

At its meeting on February 6, the commission appropriated S500 for 
furnishing the sleeping apartments and $300 for a collection of views of 
Maryland Colonial Homes. The purchases of the furnishings were made 
by Mrs. Rogers and Mrs. Tyson; the securing of the photographs of Colonial 
homes was under the direction of Mrs. Ridgely. 

On February 26, 1907, Mrs. Ridgely, Mrs. Tyson and Mrs. Rogers repre- 
senting the Auxiliary Commission, met with the Executive Committee in 
the rooms of the commission, 810 Fidelity Building, to consider the whole 
question of exhibits in the Maryland Building. Mrs. Ridgely and Mrs. 
Rogers submitted reports of the work they had done. 

Mrs. Ridgely and Mr. Douglas H. Thomas were appointed a committee 
to pass upon paintings and pictures offered for exhibit in the Maryland 
Building. At this joint meeting it was voted that the Auxiliary Commission 
have charge of the assignment of the rooms on the east side of the buikling 
and that the commission have charge of the rooms on the other sitle. 

At the opening ceremonies, April 26, 1907, Mrs. Ridgely, Mrs. Tyson 
and Mrs. Rogers participated in all the official functions. Mrs. Ridgely 
and Mrs. Rogers went to the exposition in advance and superintended the 
placing of the furniture and the hanging of the pictures so that when the 
Marylanders arrived they found theirbuilding ready for their entertainment 
and admiration. This work was of a peculiarly arduous character and the 
commissioners expressed their grateful appreciation for it. 

At the next meeting of the commission it was voted to increase tlie 
appropriation for the furnishing of the building by the Auxiliary Comniission 
to $1200. 



34 REPORT OF MARYLAND COMMISSION 

During the exposition period Mrs. Ridgely and Mrs. Rogers gave much 
time to their work and made several visits to the Maryland Building. Mrs. 
Tyson was in Europe and Mrs. Lowndes and Mrs. Jackson were occupied 
with other duties. 

For Maryland day, September 12, 1907, Mrs. Ridgely and Mrs. Rogers 
were at the Maryland Building ahead of the commission directing the 
preparations. They participated in all the functions, assisting Governor 
Warfield in receiving at the ]Maryland Building in the afternoon of Marj'- 
land day and also assisting Governor and Mrs. Swanson in the reception to 
the Maryland visitors at night in the Virginia Building. 



Chapter V. 

THE WORK FOR EXHIBITS. 

The first offer of exhibits was made by Colonel Jaraes W. Owens, 
Annapolis. It was the loan of two colonial chairs and the offer was 
accepted with thanks. 

On June 13, 1906, the commission accepted the follow^ing proposition 
from Mr. George W. McCreary, secretary of the Maryland Historical 
Society, placing a Hmit of $300 on the expenses of the work, exclusive of 
the $200 as compensation to Mr. McCreary: 

I will prepare to the best of my ability an historical exhibit in the Maryland Build- 
ing, to consist of portraits, prints, views, letters documents, etc., either original or 
photographs thereof, of personages, places, events, etc., as may be readily obtainable 
and best illustrate leading events in Maryland history. Such work to include collecting 
of material, attending to boxing, the shipping and arranging in their proper position 
as well as to removing, reboxing and reshipping and restoring to their proper owners 
after the exposition is closed. On terms of $200 and expenses. 

Various offers of souvenirs, historical objects and collections were made 
to the commission but it was decided that the funds available would not 
allow purchases of valuable exhibits. For some of these collections expert 
advice was secured. 

On August 1, 1906, the secretary applied tentatively for the following 
spaces in the general buildings at the exposition: 

Building 4, section 28, size 44^ by 83, manufacturers ; corresponding section in the 
building for transportation and machinery; $2000 worth of space in Building 8; $1000 
in Building 9; $1000 in Building 10, mines and mining; $2000 in Building 16, agriculture. 

At the meeting of the commission on August 11, the engagement of 
this space, as made by the secretary, was endorsed and a minute was made 
to the effect that all exhibits in buildings other than the Maryland Building 
should be at the expense of the exhibitors. 

The question of exhibits was considered at the meeting of August 23, 
and the secretary was directed to send a letter to the president of the 
Merchants and Manufacturers Association, asking him to recommend a 
person or persons competent to take charge of exhibits from Maryland, to 
care for them and to collect his charges from the exhibitors, as the amount 



3b REPORT OF MARYLAND COMMISSION 

at the disposal of the commission would not justify the bearing of this 
expense. At the same meeting the secretary was directed to communicate 
with the president of the Maryland Agricultural College. 

The offer of Mr. M. P. Moller to install an organ in the Maryland Build- 
ing was decUned with thanks because his condition that admission might be 
charged was against the policy of the commission. 

To Mr. Ernest J. Knabe, Jr., was given a vote of thanks for his offer of 
the Charles Carroll Harpischord, which was accepted. It was also de- 
cided to accept with thanks from Messrs. Wm. Knabe and Company, one 
of their modern instruments and the secretary was directed to ask that the 
design be in keeping with the colonial character of the building and its 
furnishings. 

Mr. Charles M. Stieff offered pianos for the Maryland Building and the 
committee accepted one of these instruments with thanks, but was unable 
to give him the exclusive privilege of furnishing the building with his 
instruments. 

The Baltimore Bargain House offered to take one-half of the Maryland 
space in the Manufacturers Building. The secretary was ordered to say 
that the application would be filed and that every effort would be made to 
give the firm as much as possible, although the space it asked for could not 
be pledged. 

The first plans of the commission were changed by subsequent develop- 
ments. At the meeting, September 18, 1906, Mr. J, Harry Tregoe was 
invited to address the commission on his proposition of a business men's 
auxiliary committee to take charge of the commercial and industrial exhibit 
of Baltimore and Maryland. Mr. Tregoe's plan met with instant favor 
and there was prompt approval of the suggestion of the following com- 
mittee: Mr. J. Harry Tregoe, chairman, Mr. Clarence H. Forrest, secretary, 
Mr. W. W. Cator, Mr. E. K. Pattison and Mr. James Preston. The com- 
mission voted full expenses to this committee in the work it might do 
within a limit of $1000. Mr. Forrest's connection with the committee 
ceased. Great credit is due to the other members for their hearty coopera- 
tion and live public spirit. They employed a professional canvasser to 
visit the leading industries and business houses of the city. They held 
various conferences ending in an enthusiastic meeting of representative 
citizens in the City Hall on December 20, 1906, over which Mayor Timanus 
presided and at which speeches were made by Mr. J. Harry Tregoe, Captain 
Frederick M. Colston and Mr. R. A. McCormick of Baltimore and by Mr. 
T. S. Southgate, governor of exhibits and Mr. T. J. Wool, chief counsel of 
the exhibition company. 

Out of the activities of the Business Men's Auxiliary Committee came 
the movement which resulted in the erection of the Baltimore Building, a 
very distinct contribution to the exposition and a splendid act of enter- 



JAMESTOWN TER-CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 37 

prise and advertisement for the city of Baltimore. This committee per- 
formed its labors without any personal compensation and all their expenses, 
including the pay of the special canvasser for eight weeks at $50 per week 
were less than $600. 

On the fourth of October, 1906, the follomng gentlemen appeared before 
he executive committee and asked for an appropriation of $10,000 for a 
horticultural and floricultural exhibit in the States Building: Mr. E. P. 
Cohill, president of the Maryland State Horticultural Society; Mr. W. 
Irving Walker, vice-president Maryland State Horticultural Society; Mr. 
Thomas B. Symons, secretary Maryland State Horticultural Society; Mr. 
Joseph R. Owens, treasurer Maryland State Horticultural Society; Mr. 
Richard Vincent, Jr., vice-president Maryland State Horticultural Society; 
Mr. R. W. Silvester, president Maryland Agricultural College; Mr. H. J. 
Patterson, Director Maryland Experiment Station. 

The committee took the matter under advisement and held an 
adjourned meeting a week later at which Governor Warfield was present. 
The horticulturists were represented by Mr. Charles A. Councilman, Pro- 
fessor Thomas B. Symons and Mr. Spencer, vice-president of the Agricul- 
tural College. It was voted to recommend that $5000 be appropriated, 
and this recommendation was adopted by the commission, seventeen 
members voting for $5000 and one voting for $10,000. 

On February 26, 1907, $500 was appropriated for a geological exhibit 
under the direction of Dr. William Bullock Clark of the Johns Hopkins 
University. 



Chapter VI. 

FURNISHING OF THE MARYLAND BUILDING. 

It was the purpose of the commission to furnish the Maryland Building 
so far as it was possible with colonial furniture. This plan was carried out 
with great success and the main credit is due to the members of the Auxiliary- 
Commission. They were very fortunate in enlisting the cooperation of 
Messrs. Potthast Brothers of Baltimore who from the first showed every 
desire to contribute all they could for the benefit of the state. They 
loaned to the commission, entirely free of charge, sixty-two chairs, five tables, 
four sofas, a mahogany low-boy, two mahogany and gilt mirrors, a mahogany 
cabinet, a mahogany table, an inlaid side table, a mahogany desk and a 
mahogany stand, all these pieces being of large size and extremely handsome. 
They formed the main part of the furnishing of the Maryland Building and 
gave the whole interior a dignity and a solid elegance which elicited cordial 
tributes from thousands of visitors. The greater portion of the furniture 
in the Maryland Building was of the Chippendale and Hepplewhite patterns 
with faithful adherence to the original designs. 

In the early colonial times the furniture of the colonists was of EngUsh 
manufacture. What is known as the American colonial furniture refers 
to the Enghsh eighteenth century furniture which was imported from 
the old country prior to the Declaration of Independence in the reign of 
George III. The continued popularity of these models in the states goes 
to show the lasting character of the work of Chippendale, Hepplewhite, 
Sheraton and their contemporaries. The work and influence of Chippendale, 
one of the most famous of English cabinetmakers, may be said to extend 
from the middle of the eighteenth century to the period when Hepplewhite, 
by his treatise in 1759, insisted upon more restraint in furniture matters. 
It is very easy to determine that Chippendale and Hepplewhite were largely 
influenced by the French. Chippendale in many of his designs took the 
simple Queen Anne models and added ideas of his own in carving but these 
ideas were largely borrowed from the French, yet it must be conceded 
that there is a certain individuaUty in most of his pieces which marked 
them most distinctively and unmistakably Chippendale. There has been 
quite a revival of the eighteenth century styles and the extraordinary 
popularity of such original pieces as are extant has caused this colonial 
furniture to be much copied. The furniture of Messrs. Potthast Brothers, 
had therefore, an interest far beyond its historical value because of its 
practical relations to the home furniture of the present day. 




Jamks W. Owkns. 
Chaules a. Councilman. 
Palmeu Tennant. 



.Ia(<>H I{<)IIUIIAIK. 



Seymoi'u Ma\j>ki.i«ai m. 
John K. Shaw, J». 
Won W. Hvi;i;oM. 



JAMESTOWN TER-CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 39 

In addition to the handsome pieces of their own make Messrs. Potthast 
Brothers loaned some very rare antiques. The most noteworthy of these was 
a sideboard which had been the property of Miss Mary Tayloe Key who 
inherited it from her father Charles H. Key, to whom it had been given by 
his father Francis Scott Key. This piece was brought to Baltimore from 
''Presquile/' the old family residence on the Wye river in Talbot County. 
Another piece of historical value was the Hbrary table which had been owned 
by David Hoffman, the distinguished Baltimore jurist. On this table Judge 
Hoffman prepared most of his lectures and other literary works. 

Mrs John Ridgely, chairman of the Auxiliary Commission, loaned a 
colonial table from '^Hampton." The only table like this at the exposi- 
tion was one that belonged to George Washington, exhibited in the Build- 
ing of Historic Arts. The table was in three sections each of which could 
be used separately. This table was the central piece in the Senate Chamber. 

In the Senate Chamber was also exhibited the harpsichord formerly 
owned by Charles Carroll of Carrollton, which was loaned by Messrs. 
William Knabe & Company of Baltimore. This harpischord was discov- 
ered twenty-five years ago in the loft of an old college building in Annapolis, 
where it had lain for fifty years. The Carroll coat of arms, painted upon 
porcelain and framed in gold, is fastened above the keyboard. The inscrip- 
tion upon this instrument is ''Burkat Shudi et Johannes Broad wood, 
Patent No. 955 Londini, Fecerant 1789, Great Poultney Street, Golden 
Square." There are two banks of keys, with a range of five octaves, and 
three stops, which were intended to change the tone, two of them being 
marked harp and lute. The case is quite plain, of mahogany, with a few 
lines of inlaying above the keyboard and a line around the body and top. 
It is owned by WilHam Knabe & Company and is one of fourteen Broad- 
wood harpsichords known to exist. 

Messrs. Knabe and Mr. Charles M. Stieff both offered pianos of designs 
to be selected by the commission, and these selections were made by the 
Auxiliary Commission. The Knabe piano was a Sheraton design. No. 
190, built after the early Sheraton period. It had the shape of the standard 
grand, that is, a frame consisting in curve was modified to present five 
practically flat surfaces, such as were generally seen during Sheraton's 
time, in the harpsichord and clavicord. The slender effect could not be 
obtained with a single heavy leg, hence the double leg of two graceful 
square columns, connected by a top piece and base rail. The finely shaped 
lyre added much to the decoration of the case, while the yellow one-eighth 
inch satinwood lines and the yellow one-sixteenth inch satinwood lines, 
three-hundred and fourteen inches and one-fourth inch respectively from 
the edge of every surface, and forming a quadrant at each corner, afforded 
a pleasing contrast with the richly figured red mahogany veneer. To give 
an idea of the tediousness of the inlaying of this design it is but necessary to 



40 REPORT OF MARYLAND COMMISSION 

add that on the one leg alone there were one hundred and seventy-six 
pieces of inlaying, and that the grooves for each piece are made by hand. 
This piano was frequently used during the exposition period and was greatly 
admired. 

The Stieff piano was made to harmonize with the colonial character of 
the Maryland Building. It was a mahogany design, No. 71. This piano 
occupied a prominent place in the Senate Chamber and was used for the 
various musical functions. The management of the Jamestown Exposition 
established a precedent by nominating an '^ official" piano to be used in 
buildings and at concerts whenever any piano was required. This unique 
honor was conferred on the Stieff piano, one of the oldest and most 
representative musical instruments in America. ''Stieff" pianos were placed 
in the Auditorium, the public concert halls, Convention Hall, the Army 
and Navy Club, Maryland, Richmond, Virginia, West Virginia, Missouri, 
Louisiana, North Carolina, Ohio, New York, Georgia, Delaware, New Hamp- 
shire and Connecticut Buildings, Aeronautic Building, Model School, Gen- 
eral States, South Carolina State and Social Economy Buildings, Virginia 
School for Deaf and Blind, Maryland School for Deaf and Blind, Traveler's 
Protective Association, the Woman's and Baltimore Buildings. There 
were concerts given every day during the fair for which leading artists 
of America and Europe appeared. Prominent among these were Mr. 
David Bispham, Madame Rosa Lind, Mr. Earl J. Pfonts, Mr. Edwin Shonert, 
Mr. Otto Pfefferkorn, Mr. Fritz Goldsborough and Mr. Francis McMillan. 

One of the most handsome and attractive booths in the Liberal Arts 
Building was that of the Stieff Piano Company. It was 17 by 32 feet 
and was located in a prominent corner of the interior court. The 
booth was made of staff and wood and enclosed in plate glass so that it 
could be converted into a private room and the full tones of the Stieff 
pianos heard to advantage. The interior color scheme was green, red and 
gold, lighted by heavy drop incandescent lights covered with ground glass 
globes. On exhibition in the booth was an art grand piano, worth $1500 
and a Louis XV upright piano made of soHd mahogany with gold trimmings, 
worth $3500. One of the most expert wood-carvers in the Stieff factory 
did 800 hours work on this piano alone. 

The commission planned examples of modern furniture on old lines as 
supplementary to the colonial furniture which has been described in this 
chapter, and to that end the assistance of the manual training schools of 
the state was sought. 

At a meeting of the State Manual Training Association on December 
7, 1906, Dr. M. Bates Stephens, state superintendent of pubhc instruc- 
tion, informed the association that the state board of education had 
arranged with the Maryland Commission to the Jamestown Exposition to 
have a collection of furniture made by the various manual training schools 



JAMESTOWN TER-CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 41 

of the state, and placed on exhibition in several rooms and halls of the Mary- 
land Building. 

In doing this it was intended not only to help furnish the building, but 
also to show the general progress in handicraft and workmanship in the 
manual training schools of Maryland. 

The association was further instructed by Dr. Stephens to elect one of 
its members as director, to assume general charge of this work, and Mr. 
Carroll Edgar, of the Elkton Manual Training School was chosen in this 
capacity. 

It was decided to have eighty pieces of furniture built for the exhibit, 
consisting of one large committee table, five small tables — ordinary size, 
thirty-six chairs, six open bookcases, six clocks, six hat racks, eight towel 
racks, six umbrella stands and six washstands. 

These pieces were made entirely by the pupils of the manual training 
departments of nearly every county, and were finished both in colonial and 
mission styles. Some articles were constructed of mahogany, others of 
oak with Flemish or weathered finish; some of walnut and a number of 
other hard woods. 

The design of the pieces was arranged to represent the departments of 
turning, inlaying, carving, joinery, sloyd, art and design, and added greatly 
to the handsome interior surroundings of the Maryland Building. 

The manual training teachers of the state expressed great wilhngness 
to do their share of the work, and all teachers and pupils were congratulated 
for the splendid showing made. Those who contributed were: Messrs. 
Myron Baily and J. W. Onion of the Allegany County Schools; Gary Lam- 
bert, AnnapoHs Manual Training School; James G. Boss, Jr., Laurel Manual 
Training School; Miss Widner, Easton Manual Training School; Albert L. 
Farver, Cambridge Manual Training School; Wilson Ward, Rockville Man- 
ual Training School; Ralph W. Strawbridge, Harford County Manual 
Training School; E. A. Hidey, Westminster Manual Training School; 
L. J. Kelly, Worcester County Manual Training School; Herbert M. Lippy, 
EHicott City Manual Training School; W. J. Holloway and Miss Florence 
M. Snyder, of the State Normal School; George S. Hays, CaroUne County 
Manual Training School; Oswald H. Saunders, Rock Hall School; Spencer 
C. Stull, Brunswick Manual Training School; Carroll Edgar, and Raynor 
Garey, of the Cecil County Manual Training Schools. 

The Colored Industrial School of Cumberland contributed a desk, a toy 
washstand and a toy bureau. 

Mr James M. Hendrix, superintendent of the Maryland School for Boys, 
was among the first to take a strong interest in the state showing at the 
Jamestown Exposition. He aroused great activity among his teachers 
and the students and the result was the offer of many more articles than 
could be accommodated in the Maryland Building. Those that were ox- 



42 REPORT OF MARYLAND COMMISSION 

hibited showed a high degree of proficiency on the part of the boys of the 
school. 

Among the articles made especially were the following: Metal depart- 
ment : boys' lathe with stand, this lathe was designed and all the drawings 
and patterns for castings and forgings made and finished by the boys of 
the metal department. 

Two fire-place fenders, copied from designs of the Munich Art School; 
the boys made working dramngs, forging, bending and assembhng the 
parts, forming a pleasing piece of art metal work. Andirons were designed 
from colonial patterns to match the fenders. 

Jardinier stand designed and made by the boys. 

Circular grill or scroll work. 

Eight pieces of shipsmith forgings such as are used on the Chesapeake 
Bay saiHng vessels. 

Chain with hook, small anchor, hoisting grapple, ice tongs, etc., to 
illustrate in part the extent of instructions the boys receive in practical 
forge work. 

Wood department: hall-rack, height 68 inches, base 22 by 22 inches, 
made of ash with copper trimmings and mission finish. 

Hall-rack, height 68 inches, base 18 by 20 inches, made of ash with cop- 
per trimmings and mission finish. 

Settee, height 36 inches, length 40 inches, depth 19 inches, made of ash 
and mission finish. 

Table, height 30 inches, top 24 by 36 inches, made of ash and mission 
finish. 

Stool, height 18 inches, top 15 by 15 inches, made of ash and mission 
finish. 

Taborette, height 17 inches, top 12 by 12 inches, made of oak and highly 
pohshed. 

Printing department : For the purpose of showing the visitors to the 
Jamestown Exposition what benefits the boys receive in the manual 
training department, five thousand copies of the "Industrial Messenger,'' 
as a souvenir, were distributed gratuitously on the exposition grounds. It 
contained a history of the school, which was prepared by Mr. Maurice Laup- 
heimer, secretary of the board of managers, and the oration by Mr. Charles 
F. Mayer, dehvered at the laying of the cornerstone of the Maryland 
School for Boys, then the House of Refuge, October 27, 1851. There 
were interspersed throughout the publication a number of halftone illus- 
trations. It was printed in two colors, with a beveled-rule border, each 
copy containing thirty-six pages, with a handsome cover, size 9 by 12 
inches. 

The other furniture was modern but was in harmony with the general 
colonial scheme of the building. It included a great many chairs so that 



JAMESTOWN TER-CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 43 

there were always comfortable resting places for visitors. The floors were 
covered with rugs. 

In the landscape work and decoration of the Maryland lot contributions 
were received from the following: Messrs. Griffith and Turner Company, 
Baltimore City, seeds; Mr Isaac Moss of Go vans, evergreens (these two 
donations being in time for the opening of the exposition) ; Mr. William Fra- 
zer of Baltimore County, all the hydrangeas, to the number of more than a 
hundred, and the Franklin Davis Nursery Company, Baltimore Citj^, the 
tall evergreens. 



Chaptee VII. 



EXHIBITS IN THE MARYLAND BUILDING. 

Early in its work the Maryland Commission decided that the exhibits 
in the Maryland Building should be along historical and educational hues. 
To that end it secured the services of Mr. George W. McCreary, secretary of 
the Maryland Historical Society, who was commissioned to collect an ex- 
hibit to consist of portraits, prints, views, documents, and letters, either in 
the original or in photograph that would best illustrate the leading events 
in Maryland history. This task Mr McCreary performed with great satis- 
faction, so that the exhibit in many respects was the most complete that 
the state has ever made. It attracted wide attention and received much 
favorable comment. 

In order to make the collection effective Mr. McCreary had to borrow 
from their owners rare prints and maps not readily accessible, and to secure 
photographs of portraits and paintings the originals of which it was impossi- 
ble to obtain. A detailed hst will be found at the end of this chapter and 
only the more striking need be noticed separately. 

Prominent among these was a finely executed engraving of Charles 
the First, King of England, who gave the Charter to Maryland in 1632, and 
with him the portrait of his wife Henrietta Maria, after whom Maryland, 
(Terra Marise) is named. 

There was also shown a photograph of Leutze's well known painting, 
"Landing of the Maryland Pilgrims," March 25, 1634. Leutze, it will be 
remembered, was the painter of "Washington Crossing the Delaware." 

The main room in the Maryland Building, an exact dupHcate of the 
old senate chamber in the State House at AnnapoHs, in which Washington 
resigned his commission, December 23, 1783, was in itself an historic 
exhibit of the first importance, not only on account of the great event 
which the Enghsh novelist Thackeray said was "the most splendid spectacle 
ever witnessed," but from the number of illustrations and objects which 
it contained. In the chamber in Annapohs, Congress assembled for the first 
six months of the session of 1783. 

Here were placed two large photographs which depict the resignation 
scene; the one of White's painting, which now stands at the head of the 
staircase in the State House at AnnapoHs, and the other of Trumbull's 
great and well known painting (with key) in the rotunda of the Capitol 
at Washington. 




< z 



< 3. 



JAMESTOWN TER-CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 45 

There was also a fine engraving of the state house as it was in Wash- 
ington's day, taken from a plate lost seventy-five years ago, and but 
recently found in the cellar of the State House and restored. 

Many other photographs relating to the Revolution and the part Mary- 
land took in it were exibited; among which was the Resolutions of Protest, 
by the Association of the Freemen of Maryland, adopted July 16, 1775. 
Many of the most prominent men of the state, who were members of that 
association, have their autographs attached to the protest. 

There was also a frame containing the portraits (with autographs) 
of some of the prominent Maryland soldiers and sailors of the Revolution, 
and another photograph which was very appropriate ; a letter from General 
Washington to the governor of Maryland in which he praised the services 
these men rendered him, and the aid he received from the state. 

Near the above was a choice collection of Maryland paper money issued 
in colonial and Revolutionary days. In addition were to be seen reproduc- 
tions of Maryland silver coinage and of the magnificent silver medal given 
by CeciUus Calvert to the Susquehannock Indians, showing on the obverse 
and the reverse, the portraits of CeciHus Calvert and his wife Anne Arundel, 
after whom a county in Maryland was named. 

There were also two facsimiles, one of the first newspaper printed in 
Maryland and the other the first one printed in Baltimore, the first being 
the "Maryland Gazette," 1728, and the other the ''Maryland Journal," 
1773. 

A view of Annapolis in 1797 was seen, as well as a bird's eye view show- 
ing the buildings and grounds as they existed sixty years ago. A picture 
of Baltimore Town in 1752 was also in this collection. 

Three typical maps of Maryland found places among the articles in 
this chamber; the first was of Terra Maria, or Maryland, commonly known 
as Lord Baltimore's map, showing his coat of arms; the second was the 
one made by John Smith, entitled ''Map of Virginia and Maryland;" the 
third one was made by Augustine Herman, of Bohemia Manor. Herman 
was a good sample of the early settlers of Maryland, being a surveyor and 
draughtsman, and was the first man to be naturahzed (1666). As compen- 
sation for the making of this map he received Bohemia Manor. With this 
map were two photographs of portraits, one of Herman and the other that 
of his wife. 

Opposite these was a view of Congress Hall, Baltimore, just as it stood 
when Congress met in that city and framed laws for the government of the 
struggling colonies. 

Near this view of Congress Hall, the name of which always has the idea 
of Hberty associated with it, hung what will indicate liberty in a sense 
of which every Marylander ought to be proud, for Maryland surpassed all 
of the other states in granting religious freedom to their people, and this 



46 REPORT OF MARYLAND COMMISSION 

was a reproduction of the original in Lenox Library, what is believed to be 
a contemporaneous broadside of the ''Act Concerning Religion" of 1649. 

Of this piece of Maryland religious legislation, the great EngHsh histo- 
rian Lecky, states, " It exhibited for the first time since the Reformation, 
the spectacle of a government acting with perfect toleration and a steady 
and unflinching impartiality towards all sects of Christians." 

In connection with the toleration act, should be mentioned the large 
engraving of James Barry, depicting Lord Baltimore exhibiting the laws 
of Maryland to the ancient law-giver, Lycurgus, and on which was clearly 
shown Cecihus Calvert holding a document with the words '' Religious and 
civil hberty to all Maryland." Near this was a copy of the great seal of 
Maryland, 1658. 

The exhibit was particularly interesting in portraits of the barons of 
Baltimore and lords proprietaries of Maryland. 

The rule and influence of the Calverts began with the granting of the 
patent by Charles the First, to George Calvert as Baron of Baltimore in 
Ireland, and was felt until the death of Frederick, sixth and last Baron of 
Baltimore in 1771, just a few years before the beginning of Maryland as a 
state. 

There were shown two superb photographs, one of the patent mentioned 
above, granted under the great seal to the first Lord Baltimore in 1624; 
the other the confirmation of arms granted to Sir George Calvert, signed 
by Richard St. George Norroy, king at arms. With this was shown in 
colors the black and gold as they appear in the original confirmation. 

A handsome reproduction in colors of the achievement of Cecihus 
Calvert hung near by; it showed the source of the heraldic colors of 
Maryland; the sable, and gold and red and silver. Also the portraits by 
Van Dyke of Anne Arundel, wife of Cecihus. Of Sir George Calvert the 
historian Bancroft records that: "He was a wise and benevolent law- 
giver." 

There were portraits from authentic sources of all the Calverts, in their 
robes and regaha as barons; likewise engravings and photographs which 
showed them under various conditions and circumstances. Among these 
portraits was one of Leonard Calvert, brother of Cecihus and first governor 
of Maryland. They show a line of governors of Maryland reaching from 
1635 to nearly 1775, a century and a half. 

In a separate case were two small prints; one of George Calvert showing 
his signature as well as the reproduction of the Calvert signature; the other 
was of Frederick Calvert as it appeared in Walpole's ''Royal and Noble 
Authors." 

WiUiam Claiborne, of Virginia, who preceded the Calverts in Maryland 
and who engaged in many a dispute with them, was shown by an excellent 
photograph taken from an original painting. 



JAMESTOWN TER-CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 47 

Two other governors of Maryland notable for the fact that they were 
born in Virginia were John Francis Mercer and Thomas Swann. 

The following is the hst of the special historical exhibit : 

''Confirmation of Arms to Sir George Calvert," loaned by the Maryland 
Historical Society (the original document in possession of the Society). 

''Patent Creating Sir George Calvert, Baron of Baltimore," loaned by 
Maryland Historical Society. 

"Cecilius Calvert, Founder of Colony," loaned by Maryland Historical 
Society. 

"Anne Arundell, Wife of Cecilius Calvert," loaned by the Maryland 
Historical Society. 

"Charles, Third Lord Baltimore," property of Maryland Commission. 

"Henrietta Maria and Charles I," loaned by Mr. Basil Sollers. 

"Lord Baltimore Exhibiting the Laws of Maryland to Lycurgus" loaned 
by Mr. Robert Garrett, of Baltimore, Md. 

"Benedict Leonard, Fourth Lord Baltimore," property of Maryland 
Commission. 

" Wilham Claiborne", property of Maryland Commission. 

"Charles Calvert, Fifth Lord Baltimore," after portrait by Kneller, 
loaned by Mr. Mason Raborg of New York. 

"Bird's Eye View of Annapolis," loaned by Mr. Basil Sollers. 

View of Annapolis in 1797; view of Baltimore in 1752; "Washington's 
Monument, Baltimore," loaned by Mr. George W. McCreary. 

"Charles, Third Lord Baltimore," after portrait by Sir Peter Lely, 
loaned by Mr. George W. McCreary. 

Engraving of George Calvert and engraving of Frederick Calvert, loaned 
by Mr. George W. McCreary. 

"Washington Resigning his Commission," property of Maryland Com- 
mission. 

"Old State House at Annapolis," loaned by Mr. George W. McCreary. 

Photograph of letter from General Washington to the governor of 
Maryland 1781, property of Maryland Commission. 

"Congress Hall" Baltimore, property of Maryland Commission. 

Great Seal of Maryland 1658, loaned by Mr. George W. McCreary. 

"Broadside," a law of Maryland concerning rehgion, loaned b}' Mary- 
land Historical Society. 

"Washington Resigning his Commission," after painting by Trumbull. 

"Governor Johnson of Maryland" loaned by Mrs. Henry W. Rogers. 

Map of "Terra Maria," loaned by Mr. Wm. H. Buckler, Baltimore. 

Map of Virginia and Maryland by Augustine Herman, loaned by Mr. 
G. W. McCreary. 

Map of Virginia and Maryland by Captain John Smith, loaned by Mr. 
Wm. H. Buckler. 



48 REPORT OF MARYLAND COMMISSION 

Association of Freemen of Maryland, 1775, loaned by Mr. George W. 
McCreary. 

Issues of Maryland paper money, loaned by Mr. Basil Sollers and Judge 
Henry Stockbridge, of Baltimore, Md. 

Facsimile of first newspaper established in Baltimore 1773, now the 
''Baltimore American." 

Facsimile of oldest newspaper in Maryland, ''The Maryland Gazette" 
1727, from the only original extant, now in Maryland Historical Society. 

Photograph of silver medal bestowed on chiefs of the Susquehannock 
Indians, property of Maryland Commission. 

Engravings of ten men of Revolutionary times, loaned by Mr. Basil 
Sollers. 

Maryland silver coinage, property of Maryland Commission. 

Relics of Shawnee Indians, loaned by Mrs. Lloyd Lowndes of Cumber- 
land, Md. 

Photograph of Augustine Herman and wife, loaned by George W. 
McCreary. 

'' Sir George Calvert," from painting in Annapolis State House, property 
of Maryland Commission. 

''Charles, Fifth Lord Baltimore," from miniature owned by Colonial 
Dames, loaned by Mrs. A. L. Sioussat. 

"Frederick Calvert, Sixth Lord Baltimore," and "Cecil Calvert, Second 
Lord Baltimore," loaned by Mr. Mason Raborg of New York. 

"Frederick Calvert, Sixth Lord Baltimore," from painting in Annapolis 
State House, property of Maryland Commission. 

"James Rumsey," property of Maryland Commission. 

"Sir George Calvert," after painting in AnnapoHs State House, property 
of Maryland Commission. 

"CeciUus Calvert, Second Lord Baltimore," loaned by Mr. George W. 
McCreary. 

"Charles Calvert, Third Lord Baltimore," property of Maryland Com- 
mission. 

" Benedict L. Calvert, Fourth Lord Baltimore," property of Maryland 
Commission. 

"Charles, Fifth Lord Baltimore," after painting in City Hall, Balti- 
more, property of Maryland Commission. 

"Charles, Fifth Lord Baltimore," after painting by Sully, property of 
Maryland Commission. 

Calvert coat of arms, loaned by Mr. George W. McCreary. 

Calvert shilling, property of Maryland Commission. 

"Landing of Maryland Pilgrims," after painting by E. Leutze, loaned 
by Mr. George W. McCreary. 

"Traveling in Colonial Days," after water-color by T. C. Ruckle, prop- 
erty of Maryland Commission. 




S. Frank Dasmiell. 

Dr. W. W. Coldshorouoi 



■I. \\'ii.i.iAM Raucmiman. 
C)i,i\KR D. Collins. 



W. .). ruui-.. Jr. 
.1. MvRiiN MiNahh. 



JAMESTOWN TER-CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 49 

Thomas Swann, Governor of Maryland, and John Francis Mercer, 
Governor of Maryland, property of Maryland Commission. 

"Frederick Calvert, Sixth and Last Lord Baltimore," and "Leonard Cal- 
vert, First Governor of Maryland," loaned by Maryland Historical Society. 

There were two portraits of Edgar Allan Poe, the Southern poet, who 
while not of Maryland birth was of a Maryland family, and whose remains 
and those of his wife rest in Westminster church yard, Baltimore. One 
was a photograph taken from life, and with it was a photograph of his wife. 
These were loaned by Miss Amelia Poe of Baltimore. 

The other was an oil painting, one of the largest and most important 
pictures of the exhibit. This portrait of Poe was by Mr. Louis P. Dieterich, 
the artist, of Baltimore. Mr. Dieterich has given many years to the study 
of Poe and in this portrait he combined the various portraits producing 
an idealization of wonderful interest and fascination. No picture in the 
Maryland Building called forth greater admiration than Mr. Dieterich's 
portrait of Poe. 

To the left of the Senate Chamber was exhibited a panel showing a 
photograph of Benjamin West's portrait of James Rumsey with photograph 
of models of his steam boat and boiler and with a reproduction of the title 
page of Rumsey's book, pubhshed in 1788, entitled "A Plan for the Power 
of Steam for Propelhng Boats." Rumsey was born on Bohemia Manor, 
Cecil County, Maryland, in 1743. He was a civil and mechanical engineer 
and in 1784 he exhibited a boat intended to navigate rivers. This boat 
was seen on the Potomac by Washington who expressed his approval of 
it. Maryland emphasized its claim that a Marylander, Rumsey, invented 
and produced the first steamboat. 

As the visitor entered the Maryland Building he saw on one side of the 
hall the portrait of Thomas Johnson, the first governor of Maryland, who 
nominated George Washington to be commander-in-chief of the Continen- 
tal army. This portrait was loaned by Mrs. Henry W. Rogers, a descend- 
ant of Governor Johnson and a member of the Auxiliary Commission. On 
the opposite side was a splendid painting in oil of Governor Edwin Warfield. 
This was the work of Mr. Thomas C. Corner of Baltimore. These portraits 
of the first and latest governors of Maryland had backgrounds of Maryland 
flags. 

In the writing room on the left was a remarkably fine exhibit of water- 
colors by Baltimore artists, including the following: 

"Grapes," loaned by Mrs. Harrison T. Beacham. 

" Pansies," loaned by Miss. A. S. Perot. 

" A Spanish Garden," loaned by Miss M. Louisa Steuart. 

"The Meadow," loaned by IMiss Dora L. Murdoch. 

"Stone Quarry" and "Washington Monument," by Miss Gabrielle D. 
Clements. 



50 REPORT OF MARYLAND COMMISSION 

'' Le Collet/' and " A New Egland Garden," by Mrs. L. W. N. Ford. 

Sea view by Mrs. C. Shellhase. 

"The Coast/' "A Street in Thun/' and "Autumn Landscape/' by Miss 
Christiana Bond. 

"Rocks and Sea/' "Oldfield in June/' and "Salt Marshes" by Miss L. 
Cannon. 

"President Carnot Roses/' "Study in Mullen/' and "Wild Carrot/' by 
Miss May S. Haydock. 

"Montrose/' by Mr. G. E. A. Fairley. 

With the water colors were exhibited beautiful miniatures by Miss 
Florence Mackubbin, Miss Grace Turnbull and Mr. Charles Weise. 

Miss Ruth Johnston contributed an unusually fine black and white 
drawing of the portico of "Homewood." 

In the south room was the bust of the poet Sydney Lanier and in the 
north room was the bust of Cardinal Gibbons, both the work of Mr. Ephraim 
Keyser, the distinguished sculptor of Baltimore. 

Under the direction of Mrs. John Ridgely, chairman of the Auxihary 
Commission, a collection of the colonial homes of the state was made and 
these were exhibited in the hall connecting the main hall with the reading 
room. They were handsome photographs and they attracted much atten- 
tion. A Hst of them is given below. 

"Montpeher," Prince George's County, home of the Pendleton family. 

"Wye House," Talbot County, home of the Lloyd family. 

"Doughoregan Manor," Howard County, home of Governor John Lee 
Carroll. 

"Hampton," Baltimore County, home of the Ridgely family. 

"Homewood," Baltimore County, home of Charles Carroll of Carrollton 
in 1802, now owned by the Johns Hopkins University. 

"Bushwood," St. Mary's County, home of the Sclye and Plowden fami- 
lies, now occupied by the Sacred Heart Sisters. 

"Sewell House," home of General James Sewell, built in 1798-1800. 

"Deep Falls," St. Mary's County, home of Governor Thomas. 

"White Hall," Anne Arundel County, built by Governor Horatio 
Sharp in 1763. 

" Oakdale," ancestral home of Governor Edwin Warfield. 

Messrs. Myers and Wilhar loaned three pairs of original Sheffield candle- 
sticks and several handsome Chinese vases were loaned by Mr. Allan Lycett. 
Mr. C. F. Meislahn presented a gold key to the Maryland Building to the 
Commission and it was exhibited in its case. 

The newspapers were well represented in the Maryland Building. 
Several copies of the leading pubhcations of the state were received regularly 
and these w^ere sought by visiting Mary landers. Facsimile copies of the 
first newspapers of the state were exhibited. Among the notable photo- 
graphs was a fine picture of the "News" Building of Baltimore. 



JAMESTOWN TER-CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 51 

The Pocahontas Memorial Association having been invited by Mrs. 
John Ridgely to send an exhibit to the Maryland Building, Miss Ella Loraine 
Dorsey, the Maryland regent of the organization, prepared and forwarded 
the following: 

A rubbing of the memorial brass erected in 1594 in Heaeham Church, at Heacham, 
Norfolk, England, to John Rolfe, the father of the John who married Pocahontas. It 
has been uninjured by time, the slight defacement apparent in copy having been inflicted 
by Cromwell's troopers when they stabled their horses in the Church. The rubbing was 
madeby Miss S. B. Black of Church House, Heacham, the present historian of the Rolfe 
family, and was presented by her to the Association, whose object is to raise a monument 
to the gentle guardian of the Jamestown colony. 

A copy of the death notice of Pocahontas made from the Parish Register of St. 
George's Church at Gravesend, England, and certified to by the present rector, the 
Reverend Lionel Gedge, who presented it. 

A photographic copy of Brueckner's ''Marriage of Pocahontas" and a "Key to the 
Marriage of Pocahontas." The first was made from a fine and rare old engraving belong- 
ing to Miss Louise Harrison of North Carolina, in the keeping of Mrs. Campbell Pryor of 
Virginia, and the Key was copied from an equally fine and old engraving belonging to 
and donated by Mrs. Vreeland, the wife of Commander Charles Vreeland, U. S. Navy. 
It is interesting to note that many of the figures in the "Marriage" are portraits and 
that among them is another Mrs. John Rolfe. Her husband was confused with the 
bridegroom of Pocahontas hence "the scandalous chronicle," which the Honorable 
Wyndham Robertson attacks with such earnest and just indignation. The possibility 
that the pictures of Opachisco, Nantauquas and "the little brother" of Pocahontas are 
also portraits is strong. For John Wyth or White was " sent out to make portraits of 
the aborigines;" and his original sketches are preserved at the Ethnological Bureau at 
Washington, where, thanks to the courtesy of its chief, Mr. Holmes, Mr. William Ordway 
Partridge was permitted to study them as he is the sculptor of the statute soon to be 
raised by the Association on Jamestown Island. The Association also loaned a copy 
of the only serious document it has issued — the Pocahontas plate. 

The Pocahontas plate, a reproduction of the Booton Hall portrait painted by order 
of King James I, the original of which until within a few years, was still in the possession 
of Mrs. Herbert Jones of Sculthorpe Hall, Norfolk, England. Miss Garrison, a descend- 
ant of the Maryland Jenifers, is responsible for this admirable piece of work in which the 
colors of the portrait are faithfully preserved and around the border of which runs a 
graceful design of corn and tobacco prepared by Mr. Martin and accepted with slight 
modifications. 

The Association also lent samples of its badge and recognition pin and a knot of its 
official ribbon. The badge is a medallion of transparent red enamel with a white 
eagle's plume laid across its disc, the name Pocahontas and the dates 1595 and 161G 
(her birth and death) run in gold letters around its margin. It depends by a link 
from an Indian arrow and its symbolism reads: Red and white for the races she united, 
the white eagle's plume for her secret name, Matoika (the Snow-Feather), the disc for 
the hemisphere whose fate she influenced more strongly than any woman except Queen 
Isabella, the arrow for her people and the golden link for herself who held Indian and 
white in a peace that outlasted her short life. 

The official ribbon is corn color bordered with green for the corn which was (he life 
of the colony and the tobacco which was its wealth. The post-card adopted and used 
as receipt for first members was also lent by the Association. 

The Regent of Maryland lent: a photographic copy of the Booton Hall portrait, 



52 REPORT OF MARYLAND COMMISSION 

framed between Captain Smith and Lord Delaware — the hardy preserver of Jamestown 
and its rescuer. The former introduced Pocahontas to Enghsh ways and ideas and 
the latter took her to England where his wife presented her at court. 

A photograph of the Sedgeford Hall portrait, copied through the courtesy of Hol- 
combe Ingleby, Esq., of Sedgeford Hall, Norfolk, England, and the Turkey Island 
portrait made from the Maryland Regent's copy. 

Similar copies of the two ideal portraits of Pocahontas painted by the Sullys from 
two of her descendants. Obtained through the courtesy of Mr. Stannard of the Vir- 
ginia Historical Society. 

The facsimile of that portion of John Rolfe's letter to Governor Dale in which he 
declares his love for Pocahontas and asks permission to marry her. This is prepared 
and issued from the Ashmolean Museum, 

The colored lithograph made from Sully's copy of the Turkey Island portrait. The 
original was sent to Ryland Randolph, Esq., of Turkey Island, and was copied by 
Sully in 1830 for Colonel Thomas Loraine McKenney's monumental work, "The Indian 
Tribes of North America" (HaU and McKenney, 1844). The history of this interesting 
and beautiful picture is briefly but clearly set forth by David Meade Randolph, who on 
the death of the owner in 1784, became his executor. A few years after Sully made his 
copy the canvas crumbled away and this is the only record we have of this most pleasing 
portrait. The fact that the hair waves in no argument against the accuracy, for the 
Booton Hall portrait shows what the tire-women did with corset, ruff, and shoe, to the 
gentle Algonquin princess before she was presented at court, and no doubt they added 
curling tongs to those other tortures to make her conform to the cruel standard of 
fashion in that fateful year of 1615-16. 

The idea of the exhibit was to assist in showing forth the real history of this remark- 
able girl who has too long been treated as a myth, a romance, or at best an obscure figure 
about which tradition has drawn a vague outline, and it is a matter of congratulation 
that Maryland — the lover of history — offered her house for the presentation of the 
case to the traveling public, and so made known the lesson of gratitude we owe to 
Pocahontas, who saved the colony for two winters from starvation, and who three times 
intervened between its men and massacre. 

This exhibit after the close of the exhibition was presented to the Association for 
the preservation of Virginia Antiquities. 

The Designers and Artisans Club, an organization of craftsmen and 
those interested in the furtherance of the arts and crafts movement 
formed in Baltimore in March, 1905, under the leadership of Miss Margaret E. 
Haydock, exhibited in the Maryland Building. The work shown included 
the stencilled curtains used in the reception hall and two side rooms, 
designed and made by Miss Bernice Porter and Miss Mary Bacot Pitts. 
Miss Pitts, Miss Porter and Miss Clara Littig also furnished stencilled sofa 
pillows for use in the reception hall. Other crafts represented were: Hand- 
built pottery by Miss Margaret Priscilla Grafflin; wheel shaped pottery by 
Miss Dora Murdoch; examples of Gesso work — a revival of an old Italian 
craft in which a composition of plaster is modeled in low relief on wood — 
by Miss GrafRin and Miss Porter; mirror in frame of Gesso work by Miss 
Grafflin; tooled leather, used in cardcases, portfolio book slips, etc., by Miss 
Grace Fields; metal work by Miss May S. Haydock, including bowls, tea- 
kettles, and inkstand beaten from sheet copper; two photographs, ''Blow- 



1 



JAMESTOWN TER-CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 53 

ing Bubbles" and ''A Girl at the Window" by Mrs Jeanne E. Bennett; a 
rug woven on a hand-loom at the Locust Point Social Settlement by Miss 
Helen Child. The club has received recognition in art and craft centers 
as maintaining an exceptionally high standard in workmanship and design 
and is one of the National League of Handicraft Societies. 

Near this exhibit was the picture of ''Hennie Wilson/' an old Southern 
"Mammy/' loaned by Mrs D. C. Handy of Annapolis. 

THE SPECIAL EXECUTIVE EXHIBIT. 

Governor Warfield recognized the Jamestown Exposition as an oppor- 
tunity to have Maryland's early history emphasized and to this end he 
appointed Mrs. Hester Dorsey Richardson to make the memorial collection 
which should be exhibited in the Maryland Building and afterwards per- 
manently estabhshed in the State House at AnnapoUs. The governor 
issued to Mrs Richardson, under date of November 9, 1906, a commission 
which read: 

Be it known that you are hereby appointed special executive historian to represent 
the executive department of the state of Maryland, in connection with the historic 
work of the Jamestown Exposition. To collect and put in shape such historic data and 
documents as wiU redound to the fame and glory of Maryland. 

Mrs. Richardson had done distinguished work for the history of the 
state and was in close touch mth its literature and archives. She was 
chairman of the Pubhc Records Commission and is widely known for 
her work in professional genealogy. 

For the collection exhibited in the Maryland Building, Mrs. Richardson 
made patient research among the original manuscript records of the state. 
With a special camera made to reproduce in facsimile at short range, the 
executive historian went to the old counties and photographed all that 
were available, thus preserving these fast decaying autographs of our 
pioneers and makers of Maryland's colonial history. 

The traced autographs were found in the earhest record books, of the 
day when the provincial officials lived mainly at the Capitol, old "St. 
Maries," and affixed their signatures to the acts in wliich they were con- 
cerned. To this custom we are indebted for many of our most interesting 
autographs. 

The entire executive exhibit was made by gleaning from original sources 
all that could link the indi\dduality of our early settlers with their pubhc 
acts, and thus preserve to all time the names of those who braved the dan- 
gers and hardships of pioneer life to help lay the cornerstone of tliis great 
nation. 

The purpose of the executive exhibit was educational. It demonstrated : 
1st, the high moral and religious character of the settlers in their official 



54 REPORT OF MARYLAND COMMISSION 

acts. 2d, their educational status in the hundreds of autographs of 
those who came before 1700. 3d, their social status in the use of 
heraldic seals and the erecting of lands into manors. 

The executive exhibit was placed in a mahogany case which consisted 
of a heavy central column on which were hung 24 double-glass wings, 
each 37 by 28 inches, making 48 exposures, the surface amounting to 345 
square feet. 

The exhibit included the following object lessons in Maryland history: 

The names of 110 of those who csune in The Ark smd The Dove with 
Governor Leonard Calvert — nearly an hundred of which names have never 
been published in any history. 

Facsimile of original letter sent back on The Ark's return trip to Eng- 
land giving an account of the voyage over. Also one of the receipts for 
the two Indian arrows paid at Windsor Castle each Tuesday in Easter 
week, by the proprietary as fealty to the king, illustrating Maryland's 
exemption from taxation by king or parliament as her chartered right. 
These are the most uniquely valuable historical survivals in this country. 
The originals which are owned by the Maryland Historical Society were 
photographed for the executive exhibit. 

Caecihus Calvert's instructions for the erecting of land into manors, 
dated 1636. 

An original bill of lading of colonial date beginning, " Shipped by the 
Grace of God," etc., illustrating the religious tone of the Maryland colonists. 

That part of the ''Act Concerning Religion" ensuring freedom of con- 
science, passed by the assembly of Maryland in the year 1649, records 
the fact that Maryland was at that time the only place in the known 
world where persons of all faiths were at hberty to worship God according 
to their own consciences. 

The autographs of those who passed the act are attached to it and were 
shown for the first time. 

Many names of the earhest settlers for whom lands were surveyed in 
the twelve oldest counties, giving the name of their first surveys — not all 
of their patents or grants. This roll of honor includes over a thousand 
names of the progenitors of Maryland's oldest families, in many of which 
these original lands have descended to the present generation. Their 
status as independent settlers is thus estabhshed. 

Under the head — '^ Lords of the Manor in Maryland" — are given the 
names of forty-six of those who had granted them manors, with all the 
privileges of lords of the manor in England — giving the names of the manors 
and the acreage. 

The act "for erecting a pryson in this Province," 1662, is made to point 
the lesson that Maryland was without a prison for 28 years after the settle- 
ment, a law-abiding condition unique in the history of colonization, which 



JAMESTOWN TER-CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 55 

is supplemented by a quotation from George Alsop, written in 1660, stating 
that "as there is no prison in Maryland, so the merit of the country de- 
serves none." 

The " Act against the Importation of Convicted Persons into this Prov- 
ince," passed 1676, is displayed to prove that we had no convicts among 
our settlers, as this act imposes a heavy fine on "some captains of merchant 
vessels" who smuggled in "several" felons and sold them for their own 
profit. The early settlers' list in the land office records 20,000 original 
emigrants who received warrants for land in Maryland prior to 1681. 
Everyone had to prove "his right," by stating how he came — not one in- 
stance gives a convict! 

The act for "the founding and erecting of a school or college within 
this Province for the Education of Youth in Learning and Virtue," April, 
1671, and the act estabHshing King Wilham's School, 1696, are displayed to 
show that Maryland passed the first act for a free school in this country — 
and perhaps in the world. 

Facsimile of Washington's letter " To The General Assembly of Mary- 
land," after his election to the presidency of the United States, in which 
he makes pleasant reference to Maryland (Maryland State Papers) . 

Washington's eulogy of his aide. Lieutenant Colonel Tench Tilghman, 
of Maryland, who bore the official news of CornwaUis' surrender from 
Yorktown to the Congress at Philadelphia, October 19, 1781. 

A curious document, entitled " Jeremiah Riley's Scheme for Destroying 
Ships of War," sent to the Council of Safety about 1776 — the first plan for 
coast defense ever considered by the council in revolutionary times (Mary- 
land Original Research Society). 

An original commission signed by Hon. Matthew Tilghman, president 
of the Maryland Convention appointing Thomas Richardson captain of 
a company in Revolutionary service, 3d January, 1776. 

Photograph of the patriot, Dr. Charles Alexander Warfield, with a cor- 
rect account of the "Burning of the Peggy Stewart/' October 19, 1774. 

Facsimile of "The Star-Spangled Banner," also photograph of one of 
the first printed copies distributed and sung in Baltimore the day after it 
was written off Fort McHenry, September 13, 1814. A photograph of Fran- 
cis Scott Key, the author of this national song, and a St. Memin's engraving 
of Judge Joseph Hopper Nicholson, brother-in-law of Key, who had the 
words printed and set to music September 14, 1814. The original descended 
to his granddaughter, Mrs. Rebecca Lloyd Shippen. 

Photographic facsimiles of the autographs and seals of about 600 
early settlers and important colonial personages, taken from original wills 
and other legal documents in ancient court houses and the land office 
— many show heraldic seals of interest. These autographs arc shown to 
illustrate the educational status of our early settlers who are believed by 



56 REPORT OF MARYLAND COMMISSION 

many to have been illiterate. To each autograph is attached some data 
regarding the writer, gi\dng a vital personal interest to the collection and 
representing much original research. The seals have identified many of 
the early settlers. 

Traced autographs of 160 of the very earliest settlers, including many 
who came in The Ark and The Dove, besides Leonard Calvert and his 
Commissioners, such interesting characters as Henry Fleete of the James- 
town colony, who acted as interpreter between Governor Calvert and the 
Indians from whom he bought the site of the first permanent settlement in 
Maryland. Other autographs of special interest in this collection are those 
of Captain James Neale, a favorite of King Charles I; Richard Ingle," Pirate 
and Rebel;" Mistress Margaret Brent, first woman suffragist in America 
and the Portia of colonial Maryland. 

Facsimile of the unrecorded will of Charles, third Lord Baltimore, dated 
in 1714 and shown for the first time. 

Survivals of mills emploj^ed in colonial Maryland, also typical house- 
hold implements used in early days in Maryland, photographed in Dorches- 
ter county by Miss Mary V. Dorsey of that county. 

Photograph of superb communion service engraved with royal arms 
of England presented to St. Anne's Church, Annapolis, by King WiUiam 
III, and inscribed with his initials W. R. 

Photograph of the memorial ring given by Queen Henrietta Maria to 
her maid of honor, mfe of an early Maryland settler, Captain James Neale, 
still owned by a descendant, Mrs. Clara S. Earle, of Maryland. 

FACSIMILES OF RARE STATE DOCUMENTS. 

Shown through the courtesy of the land commissioner, Hon. E. Stanley 
Toadvin. 

Original charter of Annapolis, given by Queen Anne, 1708, in which 
are named the first mayor and alderman. 

The original boundary agreement between the Penns and Frederick, 
sixth Lord Baltimore (1760). 

Frederick Calvert's instructions to Governor Horatio Sharpe about 
boundary question, showing map of land in dispute. 

Ratification of Federal Constitution \vith autographs of Maryland 
signers, April 28, 1788. 

Tripartite indenture between Frederick, sixth Lord Baltimore, his uncle 
Csecilius Calvert and others, showing miniature of Lord Baltimore done in 
ink, also royal arms of England. 

Typical indenture executed at London, tenth May, 1684, showing royal 
arms of King Charles 11. 

This is the assignment of '' Resurrection Manor" in Maryland by Richard 



JAMESTOWN TER-CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 57 

Pery, of London, late of Patuxent, Maryland, to Thomas and George Plow- 
der, of Lasham, Southampton County, England. 

Plat of Baltimore and Jones Town in the year 1747. 

The pictures of Mt. Airy and the silver service of Benedict Leonard 
Calvert, with photographs of Eleanor, Ehzabeth, and Benedict Leonard 
Calvert, were lent by Miss. Rebecca Lynn Webster, a descendant of the 
Calverts. Miss Webster photographed the original portraits and silver at 
Mt. Airy. 

In the Senate Chamber were two large cases containing the Indian re- 
mains from Maryland, collected and exhibited by Colonel Wilham H. Love, 
of Baltimore. At the request of the Commission, Colonel Love wrote the 
following account of this exhibit: 

The remains are several hundred in number and comprise almost every object which 
the Maryland Indian has left behind him in the form of stone work, hard and soft, and 
pottery made of clay intermixed with shell. When found on salt water this pounded 
shell is manufactured from the oyster, and in fresh water rivers — or rather their banks — 
the shell used by the Indian women for this purpose is from the well known fresh water 
mussell. The implements of stone consist of the great axes weighing eight to twelve 
pounds, made exactly like the fighting axe or tomahawk but for an entirely different 
purpose, to wit, killing of trees by continuous blows just at the point of contact between 
the tree and the surrounding soil. We are particularly fortunate in having the evidence 
of an Englishman, an eye witness, to the operation. His name was Allsopp and he 
wrote in 1666 a very interesting account of the Indians of the upper Chesapeake. He 
says ''they bruise the bark of the largest trees on a level with the ground all around. 
This entirely detaches the bark from the sap wood. A fire was made all around that 
tree, the tree killed." Upon the recurrence of spring the strong oak or hickory did not 
put forth leaves that season, the smaller underbrush was killed in the same manner or 
did not exist. 

Then comes the stone hammer, generally but not always spherical in form, with 
which they manufactured all the forms of Indian weapons of the character of the axe. 
This manufacture was largely the result of repeated blows in or near the same spot in 
the making of the grooves which receive the handle, exactly opposite in construction 
and principle to our present steel axe of to-day. In the case of the stone axe, the 
handle went round the body of the instrument, whereas in the modern axe the handle 
passes through the head of the instrument. The same results are obtained, however, 
and the blow was delivered with much more elastic stroke than the rigid modern axe, 
with its hickory handle, would be capable of. All forms and sizes of the Indian stone 
axe will be found in this collection. The tomahawk or Indian stone fighting axe never 
weighed over a pound or at the utmost fourteen ounces. Intermediate sizes of this 
weapon were no doubt used in encounters with large game, such as our Maryland woods 
abounded in, — the numerous deer, panthers — or as the earliest colonists called them, 
lions — and the black bear which required an exceedingly hard blow with a heavy 
weapon to render them hors de combat. The projectile weapons, on the other hand, 
cauld be used at a fairly safe distance from any enraged or dangerous animal, and the 
great stone spear attached to a handle twelve or fourteen feet in length could be driven 
into the largest bear or buffalo in a fatal manner in the hands of an expert and powerful 
Indian, 

An old Osage Indian told me that their people always drove the spear not across the 
ribs but between, giving it a clear entrance into the vital parts of the body. 



58 REPORT OF MARYLAND COMMISSION 

In this collection, also, I have endeavored to give specimens of every one of the 
different forms of projectile weapons consisting of arrow points and spear points, from 
the very largest to the smallest. 

The soapstone domestic utensils that I have placed in the exhibit constitute a very 
remarkable and interesting sub-division. Maryland abounds in j&ne soapstone deposits, 
particularly Howard and Montgomery counties. It is also found in other parts of the 
state. This form of stone was used largely for making the cooking utensils for permanent 
village sites, but I doubt if it was much used by hunters or fishermen, for the reason 
that they were always moving about, and this class of utensils was extremely 
heavy. 

The pottery of the Maryland Indians, from nearly every part of the state, is also 
shown, and here can be detected the various tribal differences that existed in the decora- 
tion and burning of the pottery. Some of the women used pounded quartzite stone in 
place of shell in reinforcing the clay. 

In speaking of soapstone, the vicinity of Sandy Spring and the Quaker neighborhood 
at that point contains a great many broken specimens of the labors of the men who, 
apparently, devoted their entire lives to the manufacture of these utensils. 

Another sub-division of this subject is the stone workshop of the Indian manufac- 
turers. I do not beheve that any people with any kind of tools were more expert in the 
selection and manufacture of stone weapons and implements than the North American 
Indians, not only expert in the selection but in the fracturing of the stone selected for 
the weapon. By a few expert blows they were enabled to ascertain the true cleavage 
of each individual pebble which they intended to work on, large or small. This was 
absolutely necessary before going on with the further elaboration of the fragment 
selected for that particular implement. 

In conclusion, I desire to say, that from long famiharity with this subject and from 
countless sources of information, I have come to the decision that numerous selected 
families from each tribe understood the secrets of the manipulation of stone with their 
rude implements better than anyone else in the tribe, and that they were supplied with 
provision and material by the rest of their fellows in return for manufacturing the 
various forms of implements and weapons on which their life depended. I believe that 
these secrets descended from father to son and from mother to daughter — the manu- 
facture and the means of attaching the handles and the shafts to the projectile weapons; 
and the mixing and tempering of the clay for the pottery; in the skinning, stretching 
and tanning of hides and in the selection of material, the preparation of the same and 
the final manufacture of mats and baskets for which Maryland was celebrated. 

In the Maryland Building were a dozen handsome photographs of 
educational institutions of the state, and a description of these will be 
found in the chapter on education. 

Among the state institutions which sent photographs was the Spring- 
field State Asylum for the Insane. These pictures showed most effectively 
the fine site of the asylum and the great beauty of its new buildings. The 
Springfield Asylum is one of the best of the state institutions. 

More pictures and historical objects were offered to the Maryland Build- 
ing than could be properly displayed and the commission was obliged to 
dechne many which it would have been glad to accept had the building 
been larger. Altogether more than five hundred different objects of art 
and workmanship illustrative of Maryland talent and skill were represented. 



JAMESTOWN TER-CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 59 

The following, conspicuously displayed in the Maryland Building, 
attracted much attention: 

Maryland and the Northwest. 

It is due to Maryland that the great Northwest Territory, including the present 
states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and parts of Wisconsin and Minnesota, was 
acquired as the property of all the states and those states erected into free common- 
wealths. 

The Maryland Convention on October 30, 1776 adopted a resolution declaring that 
the vast Western lands should be the common property of all the states, to be erected 
later into independent commonwealths. 

October 15, 1777, a month before the Articles of Confederation of the United States 
were proposed to the states for ratification, it was moved in congress that the United States 
in congress assembled shall have the sole and executive right and power to ascertain 
and fix the Western boundary of such states as claim to the Mississippi or South Sea, 
etc., and Maryland alone voted in the affirmative. 

May 21, 1779, "instructions" from the legislature of Maryland to her delegates were 
read in congress, forbidding them to ratify the Articles of Confederation until the North- 
west Territory question was settled in accordance with her views. 

For a long time Maryland struggled alone to gain her point, but at last her firmness 
began to have influence. 

Virginia, on December 14, 1779, expressed herself ready to listen to proposals 
for the cession of her great claims to the Northwest. New York passed an act February 
19, 1780, authorizing her delegates to cede her claim. 

Congress on September 6, 1780, recommended to the states having land claims a 
general cession to the federal government. 

Virginia on January 2, 1780, offered to cede hers, and the New York offer was pre- 
sented to congress, March 1, 1781 

As this assured her contention, Maryland then on the same day ratified the Articles 
of Confederation. She was the last state to do this and the desire to obtain her ratifica- 
tion affected the action of the other states in their cession of the Northwest lands. 

The ordinance of 1787 provided for the future of the Northwest along the lines of 
the plan which Maryland had urged ten years before. This was the beginning of 
American expansion to the Pacific by erecting acquired areas into territories and later 
into self-governing states 

For Maryland's historical exhibit in the Maryland Building, a silver 
medal was awarded. It was one of the very few medals of any kind 
given for exhibits in state buildings. 



Chapter VIII. 

THE OPENING OF THE EXPOSITION AND THE DEDICATION 
OF THE MARYLAND BUILDING. 

It was hoped that Maryland would be allowed to dedicate its building 
on the opening day of the exposition, which was April 26, 1907; but the 
program was so crowded that by special request of the exposition authori- 
ties, the exercises were set for the next day, Saturday. Two thousand 
invitations were mailed to the officials and distinguished people of every 
state of the Union. 

The Maryland Commission did not leave Friday out of their arrange- 
ments, and it was well for the comfort of the Marylanders that they made 
their plans broad and comprehensive. 

For the trip to Hampton Roads and return, the Charlotte of the 
Chesapeake Steamship Company was chartered, and the party had been 
Umited to conform to her accommodations. It happened, however, that 
the Chesapeake Steamship Company had just received from the yards their 
new ship, the Columbia. And twenty-four hours before the trip was to be 
made Commodore Reuben Foster, the president of the Chesapeake Steam- 
ship Company and a member of the Maryland Commission, turned over 
to the Commission the Columbia in place of the Charlotte without extra 
charge. The result was that the commissioners and their guests and 
Governor Warfield and his party not only sailed to Hampton Roads under 
exceptionally enjoyable conditions, but they had the additional satis- 
faction of inaugurating the service of a handsome new ship in the com- 
merce of the Chesapeake Bay. 

The Maryland party chartered the Columbia from the time they left 
Baltimore at 7 p. m., April 24, until they returned on Sunday morning 
April 28. It was said that the Marylanders in their visit took their own 
hotel with them. They lived and slept on the ship; and their food served 
at the Maryland Building on Friday and Saturday was provided by a force 
of caterers taken from Baltimore. By means of these preparations the 
Maryland Commission was enabled to feed hundreds of Marylanders on 
both days, which was an important consideration in view of the difficulty 
in getting good food on the exposition grounds at that time. 

The opening of the exposition was unfortunate because of its unfinished 
state and of the incomplete provisions for the entertainment of the crowds. 
There was much discomfort and afterwards a general outburst of com- 




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JAMESTOWN TER-CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 61 

plaint. To all of this, Maryland's participation was an unique exception. 
Maryland was ready in every way. Its building was open and furnished ; 
its exhibits were in place; and of all the states it was the only one that made 
this record. The newspapers of Maryland and other states gave Maryland 
unstinted credit for its work. It is natural, therefore, for the commis- 
sioners to look back to the beginning of the exposition with considerable 
satisfaction. 

Those who were on board the Columbia were: 

Members of the Maryland Commission: Mr. Carter Lee Bowie, Mr. 
Oliver D. ColHns, Captain Frederick M. Colston, Mr. Charles A. Councilman, 
Mr. S. Frank Dashiell, Mr. Richard S. Dodson, Mr. Allan Farquhar, Com- 
modore Reuben Foster, Dr. Wm. W. Goldsborough, Dr. John H. Jamar, 
Colonel David G. Mcintosh, Mr. J. Martin McNabb, Mr. Seymour Mandel- 
baum, Mr. Lynn R. Meekins, Mr. James W. Owens, Mr. W. J. Price, Jr. 
Mr. Jacob Rohrback, Mr. John K. Shaw, Jr., Mr. T. Herbert Shriver, Mr. 
Palmer Tennant, Mr. Douglas H. Thomas, Mr. George M. Thomas, Mr. 
John Warfield. 

Members of the Auxihary Committee: Mrs. John Ridgely, Mrs. Henry 
W. Rogers, Mrs. Jesse Tyson. 

Members of the special Industrial Committee: Mr. J. Harry Tregoe, Mr. 
W. W. Cator, Mr. E. K. Pattison, Mr. James Preston. 

Guests of the Maryland Commissioners: Mrs. F. M. Colston, Mrs. D. H. 
Thomas, Mrs. D. G. Mcintosh, Mrs. C. A. Councilman, Mrs. Richard S. 
Dodson, Mrs. 0. D. Collins, Mrs. J. Martin McNabb, Mrs. Seymour Mandel- 
baum, Mrs. W. J. Price, Mrs. J. K. Shaw, Jr., Mrs. Lynn R. Meekins, Mrs. 
George M. Thomas, Miss Ethel Farquhar, Miss Ahce Brooke, Miss Grace 
R. Streett, Miss Mary 0. Shriver, Miss Hilda Shriver, Miss Sothoron, Miss 
Charlotte P. Smith, Gen. Lawrason Riggs, Gen. Peter Leary, Mr. J. C. M. 
Lucas, Mr. Louis M. Milbourn, Mr. Allan Goldsborough. Mr. George W. 
Knapp, Mr. Laurence Bailliere, Mr. John L. Sanford, Mr. Jesse 0. Snyder, 
Mr. John Ridgely, Mr. Richard N. Jackson, Mr. A. R. Dennis, Mr. George W. 
McCreary, Dr. WiUiam B. Clark, Dr. O. P. Penning, Mr. W. W. Crosby. 
Mr. Jesse Shriver, Mr. L. W. Meekins, Mr. WilHam Baughman. 

In Governor Warfield 's party were: Governor and Mrs. Warfield, Miss 
Carrie Warfield, Mr. R. N. Hart, Col. Oswald Tilghman, Mrs. Tilghman and 
Miss Tilghman, General and Mrs. Murray Vandiver, Comptroller and j\Irs. 
Gordon T. Atkinson, Mr. and Mrs. Albert L. Richardson, Gen. Clinton L. 
Riggs and Mrs. Riggs, Gen. J. T. M. Finney, Gen. N. Winslow Williams, 
Mrs. Williams and Miss Ann Williams, Col. E. L. Woodside, Col. Richard 
S. Hill and Mrs. Hill, Col. Henry Hollyday, Jr., Col. Joseph L. Wickes, 
Col. E. Austin Baughman, Col. W. Hopper Gibson, Col. John L. G. Lee, 
Col. Gillet Gill and Mrs. Gill, Sergeant Edward Wernsing, Sergeant Robert 
P. McClelland. 



62 REPORT OF MARYLAND COMMISSION 

In addition to the Columbia five sliips and a fleet of private yachts 
took many hundreds of Marylanders to the opening day ceremonies. It 
was estimated over one thousand Marylanders were present. A current 
description of the day said, 

Xext to President Roosevelt and Virginia, Marj^land today played the most impor- 
tant part in the opening of the Jamestown Exposition. In ever>' avenue, in everj' street 
and in every thoroughfare Marjdanders, and especially Baltimoreans loomed up in 
throngs. 

The commissioners and their guests were early on the grounds. They 
had finished their breakfast on the boat by eight o'clock; at nine they were 
on their special tug; and by ten o'clock they were at the Maryland Building. 
Here Governor Warfield held an informal reception, for the building was 
crowded in the morning hours. In a short time Adjutant -General Ander- 
son of Virginia, accompanied by Inspector-General Stern, both in full 
uniform, entered and conveyed the greetings of the governor of Virginia 
to the governor of Maryland. This com'tesy was duly received by Gover- 
nor Warfield and Adjutant-General Riggs and was soon returned. Shortly 
before eleven the official party from Maryland, headed by Governor War- 
field, who had in his carriage Mrs. Warfield and Mrs. Tilghman, the wife of 
the secretary of state, proceeded to the reviewing stand. The Maryland- 
ers were assigned seats to the right of the presidential party. In a 
private box were Governor Warfield, Mrs. Warfield; Captain F. M. 
Colston, chairman of the Maryland Commission; Mrs. John Ridgely, presi- 
dent of the Auxiliary Commission; and Adjutant -General Clinton L. 
Riggs. The party remained to hear the speeches of President Roosevelt 
and Hon. Harry St. George Tucker, president of the Jamesto^^Ti Exposition. 

They then returned to the Maryland Building, where lunch was served 
at two o'clock. The crowds kept coming to the Maryland Building all the 
afternoon and there was a practically continuous reception by Governor 
Warfield, Captain Colston and the members of the Auxiliary Commission, 
Mrs. John Ridgely, Mrs. Henry W. Rogers and Mrs. Jesse Tyson, who were 
assisted by the hostess, Miss Mary L. Robbins. Official \'isits were made 
by the Maryland Commissioners to the other state buildings later in 
the day. The commissioners and their guests spent the night on the 
Columbia at Norfolk, and those who could witnessed the illumination 
of the great naval fleet in Hampton Roads, one of the most beautiful 
spectacles ever seen in American waters. 

On the 271 h, the exercises in the Maryland Building, which was hand- 
somely decorated, were set for noon, but were delayed because some 
of the speakers were not present. It was afterwards found that President 
Tucker for whom the Mar^danders were waiting was also waiting in a car 
that was off the track half way between Norfolk and the exposition grounds. 



JAMESTOWN TER-CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 63 

Every part of the Maryland Building was filled with Marylanders and their 
friends, and the Senate Chamber contained a distinguished audience, 
including the official representatives of other states and of the exposition, 
the governor of Delaware and his staff, the governor of Virginia and his 
staff, and many men eminent in pubUc and private hfe. It was particu- 
larly notable for the number of beautiful women. 

The meeting was called to order and the exercises were begun by the 
secretary of the Maryland Commission, who introduced Mr. 0. D. Batchelor, 
counsel to the Jamestown Exposition, who was called upon to take the 
place of President Tucker. In spite of the short notice Mr. Batchelor 
delivered an eloquent address which was cordially applauded throughout 
its telling periods. The following report is only an outline of his remarks, 
but they give an idea of the warmth and interest of his greeting: 

Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen; 

The secretary of your commission, Mr. Meekins, does an injustice in introducing me 
as the official representative of the Jamestown Exposition without adding the qualifica- 
tion that I was selected on account of Mr. Tucker's absence, and only about two seconds 
ago. 

It is a fact that on a certain memorable occasion, in the year 1635, 1 believe, Virginia 
had the honor of entertaining every citizen of Maryland, and the spirit of good fellow- 
ship then manifested has increased with the centuries. The occasion referred to may 
not be fresh in the memories of some of the audience, and I have it in mind because it 
has recently been my duty to delve into our colonial history. I refer to the visit which 
the first party of Maryland settlers paid Governor Harvey, of Virginia, upon their entry 
within the Capes and before proceeding up the waters of the beautiful Chesapeake. 
The Virginia governor received his visitors in the most hospitable fashion, and a whole 
week was given over to their entertainment. In this same spirit do we welcome you 
today, and before our exposition closes we trust our welcome shall now, as then, embrace 
every citizens of your glorious commonwealth. [Applause.] 

It is the desire of the management of this exposition that its crowning feature shall 
be the means of social intercourse between the citizens of all the states which it will 
afford, and no state has done, is doing, more than proud Maryland to aid us in the 
realization of this desire. As I look upon this splendid edifice, which you are about to 
dedicate to this object, the evidence is unmistakable that you gentlemen of the com- 
mission have builded well and wisely, but methinks I see in the perfect taste displayed 
in its minor appointments, its decorations, and its furnishings, unmistakable evidences 
of the handiwork of the lady members of your commission. [Applause.] 

And honored as I am by the presence of so many of the fair daughters of our two 
commonwealths, I cannot refrain from a word of just encomium of the part which 
womanhood has played in bringing about the conditions which make possible this splendid 
celebration of our birth as a nation. Left alone to masculine nurture and tutelage, 
the Babe Columbia would either soon have perished or else have become imbued with 
the brutality of savagery, rather than the virtues of a Christian civilizat ion. It required 
the faith-winged prayers, the dauntless courage and the matchless love of the mother- 
heart — it required, in short, the cavalier woman of old England, refined and purified 
in the crucible of the New World's peril and privation, to fashion the character and 
foster the moral growth of our fair Columbia, to make her fair in fame as in form and 
feature. [Applause.] 



64 



REPORT OF MARYLAND COMMISSION 



Three hundred years have passed. The daughter has grown old as the almanac 
reckons age — false standard it is — and now that she comes back to the old homestead 
to spend her three hundredth anniversary around the old hearthstone, we are going to 
have a birthday party, and this means that our house must be set in order, the feast 
prepared, the table spread. Into whose hands shall we commit this task? Would we 
have neatness, would we have tastefulness, would we have sumptuousness, would we 
have loveliness, we must commit it into the willing, loving, deft hands of the women 
whose mothers rocked the baby cradle of our guest, watched o'er her infant slumbers 
and taught her tiny feet to walk. [Applause.] 

Mr. Chairman, we welcome your coming amongst us, for we are assured its only 
result can but be the strengthening of the bonds of friendship which already unite us. 
[Applause.] 

Replying to the greeting of the exposition, Captain Frederick M. Col- 
ston, president of the Maryland Commission, said: 

It is pecuharly appropriate that the Maryland Building stands next to that of 
Virginia — with no fence between — typical of those states, which have adjoined from 
colonial times; and from that time to now their boundaries have never been legally 
established. [Applause.] 

Virginia and Maryland have always stood together — alike in feeling and in senti- 
ment; united by many ties of blood and friendship. 

This exposition will only tend to increase and cement the bonds which for nearly 
three hundred years have united them. [Applause.] 

(Then addressing Governor War field, Captain Colston said:) 

Honored by your appointment, the Maryland Commission of the Jamestown Exposi- 
tion is now prepared to point to the results of their labors. 

The design of our building was suggested by a young Maryland architect, Lawrence 
H. Fowler, and it was selected and has been executed by another Maryland architect, 
Douglas H. Thomas, Jr. It is copied from a house erected by Charles Carroll of Carroll- 
ton, of Marjdand, the last sur^d^■ing signer of the Declaration of Independence, and the 
haU in which we stand is a repHca of the senate chamber in the state house at Annapolis 
in which Washington resigned his commission to the congress of the United States, 
then assembled in that chamber. [Applause.] 

In this haU we have collected a series of historical portraits and documents which 
illustrate the glorious history of Maryland in the colonial and Revolutionary period, 
among which is a copy of a letter from Washington to the then governor of Maryland, 
dated at the camp near York, October, 1781, in which he announced the surrender at 
Yorktown, over yonder, of the British forces, which ended the war of the Revolution 
and made the colonies free and independent states. 

That letter was sent by the hand of his aide-de-camp, Colonel Tench Tilghman, of 
Maryland, and in that letter Washington says: ''My present engagement will not allow me 
to add more than my congratulations on this happy event, and to express the high 
sense I have of the powerful aid derived from the State of Maryland in complying with 
my every request to the executive of it." [Applause.] 

We are proud to be able to say that every governor of Marj^land, from Thomas Sim 
Lee, in 1781, to Edwin Warfield, in 1907, has been equally responsive to his patriotic 
duties. [Applause.] 

I would not be doing justice to my own feelings or be unmindful of a sense of 
gratitude if I did not express the obligation which we owe to the faithful and untiring 
labors of the secretary of this commission and of the women members of our commission 



JAMESTOWN TER-CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 65 

headed by Mrs. John Ridgely, of Hampton, to whom we owe so much, and to whom 
in a large degree is owing the success of our exhibition. 

I now tender to you the keys to the Maryland Building of the Jamestown Exposition. 
[Applause.] 

After the applause subsided, Captain Colston introduced Governor War- 
field who was received with very marked enthusiasm. The governor's 
address was as follows: 

It gives me pleasure, Mr. Chairman, to receive from you these keys, which in this 
case typify work well performed; and I congratulate you, ladies and gentlemen of the 
commission, upon the completion of this beautiful building in time for the ceremonies 
attending the opening of this historic exposition. You have earned the praise, and the 
thanks as well, of all Marylanders, for the intelligent and splendid manner in which you 
have performed this part of the work entrusted to you. [Applause.] 

In every vital movement or emergency in American history, during the past 273 
years, Maryland has been among the first in action and always in the vanguard. 

More first things, from the first steamboat, and the first railroad, and the first tele- 
graph, to the first revolution in printing — ^have come from Maryland than from any 
other state in the Union. 

It was my special privilege to be among the very first governors in the United States 
to commend the exposition to a legislature, and Maryland was one of the first states to 
authorize a commission and to take action looking forward to the consummation which 
we witness here today. 

So it is but in line with her record to have Maryland first in readiness to receive 
the throngs which came yesterday, and which I hope will continue to come until the 
last day of November. [Applause.] 

This building speaks for itself and will be the admiration of all visitors to these 
grounds. The interior decorations and the furniture reflect the refined taste, the practi- 
cal judgment, and the good sense of Maryland women. [Applause.] 

It was a display of wisdom upon the part of the men of the commission when they 
decided to leave the supervision of the inside adornment to the ladies of the advisory 
board. Their work has been more than successful; it is simply admirable. 

I feel a profound satisfaction in accepting these keys ; and in doing so I want it under- 
stood that I approve most unquahfiedly all that has been done by the commission in 
the erection and equipment of this building. 

And I now, without delay, do, with these keys, what any well-trained Maryland 
gentleman would do under the same circumstances — heed the usage, the very proper 
usage — of our state, and place them where they are held in every well-regulated home 
in Maryland. [Applause and laughter.] So, Mrs. Ridgely and ladies of the auxiliary 
committee, I deliver to you this sacred trust. [Applause]. 

We men of Maryland make mistakes and have our failings and are weak even when 
we are strongest, but we always feel safe and are perfectly content when the ladies of 
the household carry the keys. [Applause.] 

I hand them over to you with my sincere acknowledgments of the great work your 
committee has done in keeping the commission straight and putting the finishing (ouches 
to its work, and with the confident assurance that the custody and care of this attrac- 
tive abiding place could not be under the supervision of five more competent, accom- 
plished and distinguished Maryland ladies, "to the manner born," who have in their 
own lives demonstrated that the charm of Maryland homes and the fame of Mary- 
land's hospitality rest upon the grace and gentle courtesy of her fair daughters. 



66 REPORT OF MARYLAND COMMISSION 

At this point Governor Warfield approached Mrs. John Ridgely, presi- 
dent of the Auxihary Commission, who was greeted with applause when 
she arose to receive the keys which he placed in her hands. Mrs. Ridgely 
made a brief reply acknowledging the governor's tribute. There was more 
applause and the governor then resumed his address. 

My friends, I will not detain you to listen to patriotic platitudes, which are so often 
the sum and substance of speeches on occasions like this, but I do ask that you will be 
patient with me whilst I briefly narrate the story of the friendly relations that have 
always existed between Maryland and Virginia, and their cooperation in making this 
great republic. [Applause.] 

The foundation for the cordial relations between these two colonies was laid in 1609, 
when Lord Baltimore was a member of the Virginia Company, and was cemented twenty 
years later, when he, with his wife and children, had to abandon his colony in Newfound- 
land, because of the rigorous climate of that island, and take refuge at Jamestown. 

Because of his religion he at first met with some hostility, but the best people of 
the colony were so kind and hospitable to him that, when he returned to England, he 
left Lady Baltimore and his children in the care of the Virginians. 

Thus early in the history of the Old Dominion was the character of her people for 
hospitahty established. 

It may also interest you to know that the first governor of Virginia entertained at 
Jamestown, 273 years ago, the first governor of Maryland. [Applause]. 

When the Ark and Dove, bearing Governor Leonard Calvert and his band of pioneers 
to make the settlement of Maryland reached American waters their first harbor was 
Hampton Roads, yonder broad, beautiful and now historic sheet of water. [Applause]. 

The two little vessels, with their freight of adventurous men, after many lonely and 
weary days upon the great ocean, and it was a lonely age in which to be upon the great 
sea, for ships were rare, only seen "from time to time; like pilgrims, here and there, 
crossing the waters," dropped their anchors over there, opposite Old Point Comfort. 
[Applause.] 

We can picture the loneliness of the scene that surrounded them and imagine how 
comforting was their anchorage. Compare that scene with the bustle, the grandeur 
and the brilliancy of the scene that we witnessed here yesterday, when the warships 
of the mightest nations of the earth passed in review and saluted the chief magistrate 
of this great republic, the foundation of which was laid 300 years ago by that small 
band of colonists who settled at Jamestown. 

The two ships bearing the Maryland pioneers remained in these waters eight days, 
and it was during that period that Governor Calvert visited Jamestown and was enter- 
tained by Governor Harvey with that gracious and generous hospitality for which 
Virginia is still famed. 

The correspondence passing between the Governor of Virginia and the chief secre- 
tary of King Charles I in regard to this visit is worthy of note. The governor said, in^ 
his letter: 

''I shall put the dayes wherein I did that service to my Lord Baltimore which 
deserved thanks from Your Honor into the accompte of my happie days, next unto that 
daye where I was designed to doe His Majesty service in this place; and for the respect 
I owe Your Honor and for the nobleness I know to be in My Lord Baltimore and his 
designs, I doe promise Your Honor to doe him all the service I am able." [Applause.] 

And Governor Calvert, referring to the courteous attentions and services of Governor 
Harvey, in a letter dated May 30, 1634, says (after leaving St. Christopher's): 



JAMESTOWN TER-CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 67 

" We set sayle for Virginia, where we arrived on the 27th of February, and staying 
eight or nine dayes to land some passengers, and to dehver the King's letter to Sir John 
Harvey, we sayled for Maryland, the country so long looked for." 

These were not the only services rendered Leonard Calvert by the governor of 
Virginia. He furnished him corn, cattle and other necessities and provided him with 
a guide and interpreter, who enabled him to speak with the emperor of Piscataway 
before attempting to land and assured him that he came in peace. [Applause.] 

When the settlement of Maryland began, in 1634, the population of the Virginia 
colony was only 5119 souls. The coming of Lord Baltimore to Maryland strengthened 
the Virginia settlement and inspired new courage and new hope in the colonists. They 
realized that they had neighbors who were congenial and helpful and with whom they 
could cooperate and work in harmony for mutual protection and advancement. 

When Claiborne and Ingle took possession of the Maryland colony. Governor Calvert 
the rightful governor of Maryland, took refuge in Virginia, where he received the pro- 
tection of Sir William Berkeley, who aided him to recover his colony. 

In 1656 John Hammond, one of the early chroniclers of Virginia and Maryland, 
wrote a description of the two colonies, which he designated as "Leah and Rachel; or 
Two Fruitful Sisters: Virginia and Maryland." Hammond at first settled in Virginia, 
but, like many in that colony, he was attracted by Lord Baltimore's government, having 
as he says, for nineteen years served Virginia, the elder sister, I cast my eye on Mary- 
land, the younger; grew enamored of her beauty, resolving, like Jacob, when he had 
first served for Leah, to begin a fresh service for Rachel. [Applause.] 

Many Virginians followed the example of John Hammond and migrated to Maryland. 
Notably was this the case with the Puritans, and we are indebted to Virginia for giving 
us the progenitors of many of Maryland's leading families. After the Civil War thou- 
sands of Virginians came to Maryland, and made their homes amongst us. We welcomed 
them as brothers, and today many of them are among our chief and most highly honored 
citizens — clergymen, lawyers, teachers, physicians, merchants — who have contributed 
greatly to the advancement of their adopted state, to its glory and honor and wealth. 
[Applause.] 

It will thus be seen that from the beginning down to the present time, Virginia and 
Maryland have been connected, not divided by the Potomac River and the Chesapeake 
Bay. These broad waters have been the highways for the exchange of visits between 
the two peoples, and for a stream of commerce of ever-increasing volume. [Applause.] 

Under the old articles of confederation each of the states was almost a separate 
power, regulating its own internal and external commerce, having the control of all the 
navigable waters within its coasts, and maintaining its own custom-houses and fixing 
its own tariffs. 

Maryland and Virginia, however, entered into a compact which made them, for 
purposes of trade, a single state. 

Before that compact no ship from the ocean could reach a port in Maryland without 
the consent of Virginia, or without complying with the regulations which Virginia might 
think it fit to establish. 

No trader from Maryland could carry his wares to Virginia, and no trader from 
Virginia could carry his into Maryland, without paying the tariff tax which might be 
imposed, respectively, by the two states. 

In order to preserve that harmony which it was equally the interest of the two states 
to cultivate, the legislatures of Maryland and Virginia appointed oonunissioncrs to 
agree ui)on terms of mutual trade and good-followship as neighbors. 

Maryland appointed as her commissioners, throe of her most eminent citizens — 
Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer, Thomas Stone and Samuel Chase. 



68 REPORT OF MARYLAND COMMISSION 

Virginia appointed Alexander Henderson and George Mason, the distinguished 
author of the first written declaration of the rights of the people that was ever penned 
by human hands — the Bill of Rights — which was afterv^^ards embodied in substance in 
the Declaration of Independence, in the constitution of the United States and in the 
constitution of Maryland, and, I believe, in the constitutions of all the states of the 
Union. 

Upon the invitation of George Washington, these commissioners met at Mount 
Vernon, and there formulated the compact of 1785, which is still binding as the highest 
law upon the two states. 

By that compact Maryland acquired the free navigation of the Chesapeake, free 
trade was established between the two states, and Virginia acquired concurrent juris- 
diction over the Potomac, a river which belonged exclusively to Maryland. [Applause.] 

The discussions and consultations growing out of these matters brought about 
stupendous results, for out of them came the first conference looking to the establish- 
ment of a more permanent union between the states, which was held at Annapolis in the 
old senate chamber, of which this room is a reproduction. This conference inaugurated 
the movement that resulted in the convention which met in Philadelphia in 1787 and 
framed the Constitution of the United States. 

In shaping these events the greatest of Virginians, the greatest of Americans, had 
much to do. Without him the constitution of the United States as we have it would 
not have been written, and, having been written, without his influence would not have 
been adopted. 

On the soil of Maryland the crowning act of a great military career was enacted 
when, at Annapolis, on December 23, 1783, in the old senate chamber, of which this 
room is a counterpart, Washington finally sheathed his sword and returned to congress 
his commission as commander-in-chief of the Continental army. [Applause.] 

These are but a few of the great events in the founding of this nation in which both 
Maryland and Virginia participated. During all of the colonial and Revolutionary 
period Maryland and Virginia were ever in accord. I will not weary you by recounting 
the many historic incidents in which they jointly participated. 

Woodrow Wilson, in his "History of the American People," has this to say about 
the character of the early settlers of Maryland and Virginia: 

"It was not mere love of adventure that made the English swarm to America. It 
was the spirit of liberty and of mastery. It was the most spirited men Vv^ho were the 
most uneasy in those evil days of the Stuart kings ; and because they were cramped and 
thwarted and humbled at home they thought the more often and the more wistfully of 
the freedom they might find in America. Virginia had been planted and had thriven, 
it is true before there was this sting of uneasiness to drive men over sea. She had been 
created because of the spirit of trade and conquest, the impulse of international rivalry, 
the love of gain and the capacity for independent action which had come to Englishmen 
in the stirring sixteenth century." [Applause.] 

That spirit of liberty and mastery which influenced the founders of these states has 
been inherited by their descendants, and has prevailed in Maryland and Virginia through- 
out all the years that have intervened down to the present time. [Applause.] 

It was that spirit which secured to the people of Maryland, in the very beginning of 
the colonial government: 

1. An elective legislature and the right to initiate legislation and to make laws 
without the approval of the king. 

2. The right of liberty of conscience. 

3. The enjoyment of all of the provisions of Magna Charta. 

4. The right of trial by jury. 



JAMESTOWN TER-CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 69 

5. The right that no war should be waged beyond the limits of the province for 
which the freemen should be bound to pay the expense without their consent. 

6. The right of the common law. 

7. The separation of church and state. 

It was that spirit which aroused the colonists to demand freedom from British 
rule, and to inscribe upon their banners, "Liberty and Independence, or Death in 
the Pursuit of It." [Applause.] 

We should feel a just pride in the fact that the spirit which animated the founders 
of Maryland and Virginia and the fathers of the republic survives today in their descend- 
ants, and that the influence of that same spirit in the sons of those patriots has been 
potent for good in both Maryland and Virginia. [Applause.] 

And it is a significant fact that the leading men who have served these two states 
as governors, United States senators and in other high places have, with but few excep- 
tions, had this inheritance. [Applause.] 

The same can be said of the presidents of the United States. Every one of them 
has had the blood of the founders of the nation in his veins. [Applause.] 

What a wonderful heritage has our country received from the men who came 
across the waters and faced the trials and the dangers of the colonial period and who 
fought the fight for liberty and independence; and what a proud fact it is that their 
descendants today are guiding and directing the affairs of this republic and molding 
its destinies! [Applause.] 

My friends, I thank you for your attention. My story of Maryland's glories and 
achievements will be continued to another day of celebration and reunion upon these 
grounds. We will have frequent opportunities of participating in the patriotic gather- 
ings that will assemble here. [Applause.] 

Let us dedicate ourselves today to the work before us, and let us all unite in the 
determination to keep Maryland in the forefront until the close of this exposition. 
[Applause.] 

The doors of this building will be kept wide open to welcome visitors from every 
state, every country, every clime, so that the fame of Maryland's greatness and the 
courtesy and hospitality of her people may be carried to every corner of the world. 
[Great Applause.] 

At the conclusion of the governor's address the applause was general 
and enthusiastic, and it was still going on when 'The Star Spangled Banner" 
was struck up. The audience joined in singing the anthem and the effect 
was a dramatic climax to the program. For the music the commission was 
indebted to Mr. Charles M. Stieff, who provided the soloist, Mrs. W. W. Niles, 
soprano, Mr. Edwin M. Shonent, pianoist, and Mr. Earl J. Pfonts, violinist. 

Then came the inspection of the building followed by a luncheon which 
continued throughout most of the afternoon, and at which two thousand 
people were served. 

At four-thirty p.m. an official reception was held by the governor, and to 
this were invited the officials of the exposition and of the states, ami the 
officers of the army and navy, giving a brilliant ending to the tlay. 

The commissioners and their guests dined at the Chamherlin Hotel, 
and at nine o'clock embarked on the Columbia at Old Point and sailed 
for Baltimore, where they arrived early Sunday morning. 



70 REPORT OF MARYLAND COMMISSION 

On the trip up the bay a meeting of the commission was held, Captain 
Frederick M. Colston presiding. Mr. J. William Baughman of Frederick 
was elected host of the Maryland Building. To the Auxiliary Commission 
$700 was voted for furnishing the Maryland Building. Resolutions 
expressing appreciation of the work of the chairman and the secretary in 
the arrangements for the opening day were adopted unanimously. After 
Mr. Reuben Foster had retired from the meeting, the commissioners 
adopted resolutions expressing their appreciation of the splendid trip, and 
their praise of the Columbia. 

On Opening Day was sung with splendid effect the official opening 
hymn at the Jamestown Exposition, by William M. Pegram, Esq., of 
Baltimore, Md., set to music by Mr. William S. Owst, of Baltimore. The 
hymn was as follows: 



O God of Nations, by Thy guiding hand 

Were our forefathers led to this blest shore, 
When they were seeking for some friendly land 

Where they Thy praise, from fervent hearts might pour 
In deep libations. They had nought to fear 

From persecution's rack, or bitter strife, 
Or gross exactions, often hard to bear. 

Which compassed all their daily round of life. 
Their first famed act on bleak Cape Henry's shore 

Was planting of the Cross, with grateful mien. 
Then with loud voice, above the ocean's roar 

Proclaimed their faith in what w^as yet unseen, 
Yet well they knew had surely been decreed 

And in His own good time would be declared, 
By Him who helped them in their hour of need, 

WTio neither fost'ring care, nor guidance spared. 
Cheered by blest Hope, sheet-anchor of the soul. 

They struggled on, impelled by conscious right, 
Strong in that Faith, which did their acts control, 

And gave them power when it was lost in sight. 
On Jamestown Isle they did new altars raise, 

Crude at the first, but with high purpose bent, 
And there again with heartsome hymns of praise 

They worshiped Thee, O God, with one consent. 
So thus 'tis seen, it needs not to be proved. 

That in this glorious land, where they were free, 
Their first thought was of Him, whom they well loved, 

Their glory was "religious liberty." 
So now, Great God, on this our nation's day, 

We give Thee homage, by our sires begun ; 
We still would learn of Thee to watch and pray. 

Lest, losing Thy loved care, we be undone. 
We praise Thee for the gifts Thy love bestows. 

On this our country, with unsparing hand; 



JAMESTOWN TER-CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 71 

Though undeserved, it thus most truly shows 

Thy watchful care o'er this God-favored land; 
On which blest liberty first saw the light, 

Where it was cradled, as the world records; 
Where our forefathers' faith is "lost in sight," 

Where Thou are "King of Kings and Lord of Lords!" 

(Copyrighted 1907 by William M. Pegram.) 



Chapter IX. 

MARYLAND DAY. 

Maryland day, September 12, the anniversary of 'The Star Spangled 
Banner," will linger in memory as the most brilliant occasion of the exposi- 
tion. The weather was delightful. The program was carried out with- 
out delay and without a single untoward incident. Hon. Harry St. George 
Tucker, president of the exposition, declared that Maryland day surpassed 
all previous states in the life and interest of her showing. Col. Barton H. 
Grundy, the social secretary wrote to the Maryland Commission, "I 
believe Maryland Day was the most successful day of the whole period of 
the exposition." The attendance, according to the official figures, was 
28,639. 

The program was divided into four parts: the exercises at the Auditor- 
ium from 11 a.m. to 1:30 p.m., the reception in the Maryland Building 
from 2 to 4 p.m., the review of troops by Governor Warfield from 4 to 
5 p.m., and the reception by the Governor of Virginia and Mrs. Swanson 
from 9 to 11 p.m. Each of these functions drew an enormous attend- 
ance. 

For Maryland Day 3000 invitations were sent to the officials of the 
national government, of the state of Maryland, of all the Maryland cities 
and counties, of all the states of the Union, of all the chief cities, and to 
officers of the army and navy. In the lists were hundreds of leading 
citizens, and in addition to these special compHments was the general 
invitation to all residents and natives of the state. Governor Warfield in 
his proclamation announcing September 12 as a holiday, and Mayor Mahool 
in his public notice of the same day, impressed upon the people of Mary- 
land and of Baltimore the duty of attending Maryland Day at the exposi- 
tion. The result was that all the available means of transportation were 
crowded to their utmost, and the attendance of Marylanders was limited 
only by the carrying capacities of the steamships and the railroads. 

The commission aimed to make the program as representative as 
possible. Hon. Charles J. Bonaparte, attorney general, was asked to be 
one of the orators of the day, but he was prevented from accepting by 
important engagements. Admiral Winfield Scott Schley was asked to be a 
guest of the state, but he was obhged to reply as follows: 



JAMESTOWN TER-CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 73 

The Sagamore 
On Lake George, 

Sagamore, N. Y., August 20, 1907. 
My dear Sir: 

Your letter of August 15 enclosing a copy of the committee's letter of August 8 
addressed to me at Hampton Roads, reached me here yesterday. In reply I would 
acknowledge with most grateful appreciation the very courteous invitation conveyed 
from the Executive Committee of the Maryland Commission to be the state's guest on 
Maryland Day, September 12. 

Is is with more than ordinary regret that I shaU have to forego the pleasure this 
kind invitation would bring, but I could not leave Mrs. Schley alone for the time that 
would be needed to go and return, as she is here for her health which has been rather 
seriously impaired by a very serious laryngeal disturbance that appears stubborn in its 
resistance to treatment. 

I know you will appreciate the motive which keeps me at the side of my Hfelong 
sweetheart at such times when honors to me that she could not have would be beyond 
enjoyment. 

It is with great regret therefore that I feel compelled to forego the pleasure as well 
as the honor of being with my own dear Maryland friends on that day. 

Very sincerely yours, 

W. S. Schley. 
Mr. Lynn R. Meekins, 
Baltimore, Md. 

Hon. John Lee Carroll was invited as the president and representative 
of the Sons of American Revolution, but he replied: 

I feel indeed most highly honored by your kind request, and most sincerely do I 
wish that I were physically able to accept it. My health I regret to say, has been very 
poor, and I have been obliged to decline every invitation which calls me away from 
home. I shall watch with eager interest the proceedings of your body on the day of 
our great anniversary. 

General Peter Leary, President of the Society of the War of 1812, was 
detained and the Society was represented by Mr. John M. Dulaney. 
Various social and business organizations sent their delegates, so that the 
attendance was truly representative of Maryland and Baltimore. 

Governor Edwin Warfield, attended by Adjutant-General Clinton L. 
Riggs and Colonel Joseph L. Wickes, of his staff, sailed at 3 p. m. on the 
Isla de Cuba, escorted by the Naval Brigade, Captain Wagner command- 
ing. The commissioners and their guests left on the day and night boats 
on the eleventh, those sailing on the Georgia being Mrs. John Ridgely of 
the Auxiliary Committee and Mr. Ridgely; Mr. Jacob Rohrback, of the 
commission, and Mrs. Rohrback; Mr. W. J. Price, Jr., of the commission, 
and W. J. Price, 3d. 

On the Virginia, sailing at 6:30 p.m., were the following members of 
the Governor's staff: General N. Winslow Williams, Col. John L. G. Lee, 



74 KEPORT OF MARYLAND COMMISSION 

Colonel W. Hopper Gibson, Colonel E. A. Baughman, Colonel M. Gillett 
Gill, Jr., Sergeant Robert McCelland. 

The following commissioners were on the same ship: Mr. Carter Lee 
Bowie, Captain Frederick M. Colston, Mr. Charles A. Councilman, Mr. 
Richard S. Dodson, Mr. Allan Farquhar, Dr. John H. Jamar, Colonel 
David G. Mcintosh, Mr. J. Martin McNabb, Mr. Lynn R. Meekins, Mr. 
James W. Owens, Mr. T. Herbert Shriver, Mr. Douglas H. Thomas, 
and Mr. George M. Thomas. 

The following were the guests : United States Senator William Pinkney 
Whyte, Mr. Clymer Whyte, Hon. J. Barry Mahool, Mayor of Baltimore; 
Mrs. Mahool, Master Mahool and Miss E. B. Smith, Doctor Gordon T. 
Atkinson, Comptroller of Maryland; Mrs. Atkinson, Miss Atkinson and 
Doctor R. R. Norris, Mr. Joseph Packard, President of the Baltimore 
School Board; Colonel Oswald Tilghman, Secretary of State; Mr. John M. 
Dulaney, representing the Society of the War of 1812; Mrs. Hester Dorsey 
Richardson, Special Executive Historian; Mr. George W. McCreary, direc- 
tor of Maryland's Historical Exhibit at the exposition; Mr. Lawrence 
Bailliere, the Misses Jamar, Mrs. Lynn R. Meekins, Mr. Lynn W. Meekins, 
Miss Shriver, Miss Hilda Shriver, Mr. Bernard Shriver, Mr. Robert Shriver, 
Mr. William Shriver, Mrs. Robb, Miss Thomas, Miss Gibson, Miss Gardner, 
Miss Edith Stowe, Mr. Marshall T. Warfield, Mr. Edwin Warfield, Jr., Mr. 
J. R. Emory, Jr., Miss Marian Farquhar, the Misses Dodson, Mrs. J. Martin 
McNabb, Mr. Allan Martin, Mr. Walter Townsend, Mr. Dorsey Richardson, 
Miss Sallie Dorsey, Miss Nannie Dorsey, Mr. James E. Murphy, Mr. Walter 
Alexander, Mr. Matthews, Mr. WilHam P. Harvey, Mr. R. P. Melvin, Mr. 
J. Marshall Caughy, Mr. and Mrs. John H. B. Dunn, Mr. W. W. Crosby, 
H. C. Wagner, Mr. Marshall Carroll, Mr. Jacob W. Hook, Mr. Thornton 
Rollins, Mr. and Mrs. Raleigh C. Thomas. 

At Old Point Comfort the different parties came together for breakfast 
and were joined by Mr. Ohver D. Collins and Mr. S. Frank Dashiell, mem- 
bers of the commission, who arrived by way of Cape Charles. 

A committee from the Jamestown Exposition headed by Colonel Barton 
H. Grundy, met the Marylanders and gave them welcome. 

At the special breakfast at the Hotel Chamberlin the post of honor was 
occupied by Governor Warfield, with United States Senator Whyte at his 
right and Colonel James R. Randall, author of '^ Maryland My Maryland," 
at his left. Colonel Randall was a special guest of the commission and of 
the State on Maryland Day. Nearly one hundred persons, the Marylanders 
and their guests, sat down to breakfast. 

At 10 a. m. the party embarked on the Helena, which had been specially 
chartered for the trip, and crossed Hampton Roads to the government 
pier. On landing the Marylanders were met by the officials and special 
committees of the Jamestown Exposition, headed by Hon. Harry St. 



JAMESTOWN TER-CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 75 

George Tucker, president of the exposition. President Tucker and Gov- 
ernor Warfield rode in the first carriage and the other guests and their 
escorts followed in other carriages and automobiles. Drawn up to receive 
and escort the governor of Maryland was the Second Battalion of the 
Fourth Regiment, Maryland National Guard, with the band, which played 
''Maryland My Maryland" as the visitors were getting into line for the 
procession to the Auditorium. 

Long before eleven o'clock the Auditorium was filled "«dth the largest 
crowd it had held since the exposition was opened. Most of the people 
wore the badges of the day, consisting of the Maryland coat of arms with 
the Maryland colors attached, and small American flags in honor of the 
birthday of ''The Star Spangled Banner." There were distributed copies 
of the book containing an account of the battle of North Point, the bom- 
bardment of Fort McHenry, and the birth of "The Star Spangled Banner," 
by Captain Frederick M. Colston, chairman of the Maryland Commission, 
the contents of which are reprinted in this report. 

For the occasion special music had been provided and some wonderful 
effects were produced by the combination of Finney's band and the great 
Auditorium organ, which is one of the largest in the world, the organist 
being Mr. Whiddit. As the official party entered the band was plapng 
Southern airs, and when it began "Maryland My Maryland" the audience 
arose with great enthusiasm and cheered the Marylanders on their march 
to the stage. 

In the center and presiding over the meeting was Captain Frederick M. 
Colston, chairman of the Maryland Commission. At his right were the 
governor of Virginia and his staff. Colonel James R. Randall, and mem- 
bers of the Maryland Commission. At his left were Governor Warfield, 
United States Senator Wilham Pinkney Whyte, President Harry St. George 
Tucker, and the staff of the governor of Maryland. 

By this time every seat in the Auditorium had been filled and hundreds 
were standing. In spite of the crowd, however, the order was perfect, and 
when Captain Colston arose promptly on the hour he commanded instant 
and complete attention. 

With a few words of greeting to the 4000 Marylanders and their friends 
in the audience, Captain Colston introduced Hon. Harry St. George Tucker, 
president of the Jamestown Exposition. An outline of his speech follows: 

"I must congratulate you, noble Marylanders," he began, "upon this auspicious 
occasion, for you have come here just two weeks with the representatives of the 'Tar- 
heel' state, who gathered to put Virginia to blush by their great outpouritig. Now 
you have come to snatch away the laurels from North Carolina. [Applause.] What 
can I say to make you feel at home?" 

The states of Virginia and Maryland have been so similar in every respect that the 
people are of one thought. In political, religious and other matters they have always 



76 REPORT OF MARYLAND COMMISSION 

been alike, and what God hath joined together let no man put asunder. [Applause.] 
Marylanders, we welcome you. You helped make the history of this country; and it 
is your privilege to come to this historic spot and be honored as -weU as welcomed. 
[Applause.] 

I cannot help remembering that it was largely due to Maryland and Virginia that 
the great constitution under which we Hve was framed and adopted. I also have the 
honor to say that St. George Tucker's meeting with Marylanders is what started the 
ball rolling for the adoption of that great constitution. 

Then what state has a nobler governor than Maryland? [Applause.] To tell the 
truth, though, it is hard to teU a Virginian from a Marylander. They have been so 
closely allied that sometimes the people along the shores cannot tell to whom the oysters 
belong. [Laughter.] 

But Marylanders, we are not only glad to see you and to welcome you, but we are 
glad to see you with the poet laureate of Maryland, he who has given to the State such 
a beautiful war song. And we are glad to see you here with such prominent men. 

[There was loud applause when reference was made to Mr. Randall, and Mr. Tucker 



''And there is your governor," he resumed. [The applause was repeated and he 
again paused.] 

"And your noble old senator," he commenced again, "I almost said the noblest 
Roman of them all [Great Applause] ; but, reaUy, I want to thank you for bringing 
such men with you. I welcome you all and I can only say that no exhibit can equal 
that of the men and women I see before me today. We are yours today and I trust 
you will always be ours. I cannot conceive anything that could arise between the 
noble people of Maryland and Virginia, not even the oyster war, for they have long 
been too much alike in all their customs. You are aU welcome. Take the exposition, 
for it is yours. [Great Applause.] 

President Tucker was greeted T\ith marked enthusiasm which was 
renewed again and again as the band gave a medley of patriotic airs, con- 
cluding with ''IVIaryland ]\Iy Maryland." As ''Maryland My Maryland" 
was played Governor Warfield arose and led Colonel James R. Randall to 
the front of the stage. There was notable enthusiasm as the governor and 
the poet stood side by side, and this applause continued until the music 
ceased. 

Captain Colston, speaking for Maryland, replied to President Tucker's 
welcome as follows: 

I have no fit words at my command in which to express the sentiment of gratitude 
with which we listen to your words, and which are cordially reciprocated by every 
Marylander ; but there are those to come after me who can better express our gratitude 
and appreciation. [Applause.] 

Captain Colston then introduced Governor Swanson of Virginia as one 
of Maryland's best friends, for whom Maryland had special admiration and 
affection. The governor received an ovation and the applause w^as almost 
continuous throughout his eloquent address, of which the report below is 
a general outline: 

It is, indeed, a pleasure to extend a welcome to Governor Warfield and the people 
of Maryland. Never have two states been so closely alhed, as Mr. Tucker told you, 



JAMESTOWN TER-CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 77 

Why Maryland was once a part of Virginia. You belong to us, but today we belong 
to you, I assure you. Back in history, Maryland triumphed in that great battle of 
Pocomoke Sound between Calvert and Claiborne, and from that day history has known 
her heroes such as Decatur and Schley. 

I remember a story I heard of a Maryland man who bought a tombstone and ar- 
ranged for an epitaph after the death of his wife. When the stone was finished he 
read the epitaph. It was "Gone to a better land." The old man looked it over and 
he said: "Now see here, I don't pay one single cent for that stone, because there isn't 
any better land." Of course, aside from Virginia, I endorse the old fellow's words. 
[Laughter and Applause.] 

I am certainly proud to see so many beautiful ladies here and so many fine-looking 
men, and I must admit that it is a great pleasure to talk to such an intelligent audience. 
But, truly, every Virginian has a soft spot in his heart for Maryland. During that 
time when our estates were ruined by war and we had no money, we had no credit 
except in Maryland. Our credit was good in Maryland during those times of hardship 
and we have always felt grateful. To our dying days, Maryland will never be forgotten. 
It is a dear old state, and I for one want to see the state's sovereign rights observed. 
I believe as a Virginian said, "the safety of the Union lies in the safety of the states." 
[Applause.] 

Looking back into history again, I can tell you no soldiers were ever more stubborn 
fighters than the Maryland Line from the time of Washington down. And you have 
always had great men among you. Chief Justice Taney, for instance ; and then the great 
orators you have had, among whom was William Pinkney and Senator Rayner of today. 
But you gave the country its battle cry, "The Star Spangled Banner" and in all 
this country's history Maryland has figured most conspicuously. Why, when I hear 
"My Maryland" my blood stirs almost as quickly as when I hear "Dixie," and all the 
people of the great commonwealth of Virginia love that beautiful song. Honestly, you 
are the only people with whom we would not dispute a boundary line. We did not 
measure out to the middle of the river and tell you we would meet you halfway, but we 
simply told you to go right ahead and we would call the water's edge the boundary, 
thus giving you the Potomac river. Now, you know we would never have allowed 
anyone else to do that without a fight, but we loved you so much we did it for you. 
[Laughter and Applause.] 

Maryland has many great things in its history to be proud of. In 1649 your 
assembly took its first brave step in boldly declaring that every man should worship 
God as he saw fit, and so it goes clean through, for Maryland has much to boast about. 
I want you all to stay here a week and take some of these trips about Virginia to learn 
something of the history of our great commonwealth which gave the country Washing- 
ton, the greatest man of all times, and a host of others. I'd like you to see the home of 
Jefferson, too, and if you go to Richmond they will show you the pew in which Patrick 
Henry made his famous speech, "Give me liberty, or give me death." 

Go where you will, you will find history on all sides and tradition everywhere, and, 
believe me, the home of every Virginian is open to you. [Great Applause.] 

At the conclusion of Governor Swanson's speech, which was cordially 
applauded, Prof. George Edward Smith, mayor of Frederick, sang "The 
Star Spangled Banner," the audience joining in the chorus. The odcct of 
this music, with the combined organ and band, was peculiarly stirring, and 
it was followed by several minutes of general applause. 

When quiet was restored Captain Colston stepped forth and exclaimed: 



78 REPORT OF MARYLAND COMMISSION 

" Marylanders, it is unnecessary to introduce you to Maryland's grand old 
man, William Pinkney Whyte." 

The audience rose and gave to Senator Whyte a spontaneous greeting. 
The applause continued for sometime, but finally he was permitted to 
begin his address. After an introduction in which he called forth much 
laughter by a reference to aged and experienced orators and his own youth 
and lack of training, he spoke as follows: 

The object of all these expositions, which have preceded this at Jamestown, has been 
to show the wonderful industrial advance our country has made ; its capacity for growth 
and expansion in all the Kberal arts and commercial, manufacturing, agricultural and 
scientific pursuits. 

History and tradition have their part, but vision to mortality has some special 
charm. Our eyes behold proof, that, no matter in what climate of the country or in 
what soil of the land, the march of progress and the wheels of industry are constantly 
in motion. Here you can observe the achievements of the past; and here too, you 
can foretell to what marvelous size the work can be extended in the future. It needs 
no prophet to portray it. 

The common mind can grasp the situation and realize that tnere is still in store for 
the people riches by far greater than any yet acquired in this land of promise. The 
exposition before us seems to have surpassed all others in the discriminating selection 
of its exhibits and their orderly arrangements for inspection. 

It has been a gigantic task for those in charge of its preparation, and they deserve 
our warmest plaudits for what they have accomplished. Nothing could surpass in 
beauty of diction, or in force of language, the magnificent orations, dealing in detail with 
the marvelous events of the last three centuries, which have been delivered on this 
historic ground during the present summer, and it would be unpardonable in any one, 
no matter how gifted (and I am not), to detain this audience with the recital of a more 
than thrice-told tale. 

It was a boon to all of us thus to look back upon our history, in the concrete, and 
hear recounted our unrivaled progress in the three centuries which have passed, so that 
we can appreciate that they constitute an earnest of the present and a guarantee for our 
more expansive future. 

Suffice it for my present purpose to refer in brief to the settlement of the two colonies 
which we call Virginia and Maryland. 

Early in December, 1606, a gallant band of adventurers left their country across 
the sea to find in this New World a spot where they could plant a home. In April, 
1607, the agricultural lands of this now noble commonwealth, with the navigable 
waters, which flow through them to yonder bay, its reputed salubrious climate and its 
propinquity to the open sea, attracted the peaceful English settlers, intent on establish- 
ing a permanent abiding place in this western land ; so that, on the thirteenth of May, 
1607, a colony, not in name only, but in deed, pitched their tents upon the spot which 
for centuries has borne the name of Jamestown. They had conceived the idea that here, 
among native Indians, they could do a thriving trade, and make a safe habitation for 
themselves and their children's children. 

Quoting from an ancient historian writing of these colonists, after they had 
entered the magnificent opening of the Chesapeake bay and espied the coast of the " Old 
Domininon," they were almost ravished at the sight thereof. It seemed to them to claim 
the prerogative over the most pleasant places in the world. Heaven and earth seemed 
never to have agreed better to frame a place for man's commodious and delightful 
habitation. 



JAMESTOWN TER-CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 79 

Is it any wonder that this, the earliest settlement of English-speaking people on 
this continent, should have been the pioneer of that army of immigrants who, later on, 
with the children of the first settlers, made it "the land of the free and the home of the 
brave ?" 

Subsequently when, in 1634, Leonard Clavert and his little band of colonists planted 
the cross upon the land purchased of the friendly Indians, on the banks of the St. Mary's 
River, they laid the foundation of a settlement which, beginning as a colony, in God's 
own time blossomed into a state which, free and independent, became a bright star in 
the galaxy of the United States. 

When that extensive region to which I have referred, and which Virginia had 
cherished as dearly as if it were her own, stretching from the southern bank of the 
Potomac, northward to latitude 40°, was granted to Calvert and his followers, it did not 
create hostility between the two sets of colonists — the one in Virginia and the other 
located in the territory which had been called, in compliment to the wife of Charles, 
Maryland. 

The proprietary government there established had powers which almost exalted it 
into a separate monarchy. Nevertheless, that simple-hearted and God-fearing people 
had no monarchial ideals, for they came to these shores with hearts full of liberality 
and brotherhood for their neighbors on the other side of the Potomac, which was cordially 
reciprocated by their Southern brethren. 

They came to work, and out of the resources of the country to carve fortunes for 
themselves and children. They knew that practical art in their case must precede 
intellectual culture, and they began the one at first ; and in these latter days they have 
followed up the other with marked success. 

The amity between Virginia and Maryland, which began in the earlier centuries, 
time has not diminished nor events impaired. 

The ties of interest which bind the two States in continuous friendship cannot be 
numbered. They are multitudinous, and the large number of Virginians who have made 
homes within our borders have aided in cementing the bonds of brotherhood in affec- 
tionate fetters which cannot be broken. 

You will pardon me if in passing I make a remark or so personal to myself. It was 
my good fortune to be a Senator from Maryland in the fortieth congress, and to my 
sorrow Virginia, the mother of States, who had given to her country in the Revolutionary 
War the immortal Washington and in the civil conflict the peerless Lee, was absent 
from her home there. The Civil War was over, but Virginia had not been rehabilitated, 
according to the fashion of the times. It was my delight, when and how I could, to 
represent in that body her exiled citizens. I felt that I was only performing a duty 
which my own State would have laid upon me in her affection for her beloved 
sister Virginia. 

So many publications in regard to the commercial advantages of Maryland and its 
material progress have been circulated here, that I do not doubt all present arc familiar 
with its substantial growth and its standing as a mart of trade. I shall, therefore, 
refrain from any comment thereupon, and so as to Baltimore. I am advised that a 
multitudinous army of commercial pilgrims from our goodly city in Maryland have been 
doing extensive missionary work here, which I trust will be fruitful, in behalf of our 
Southern metropolis. 

Maryland has much to be proud of, but I know of nothing which shouKl kindle her 
pride more than the fact that the two great poets who have written the noblest 
war songs in the English language were born within the confines of that beloved State: 
Francis Scott Key, the author of " The Star-Spangleil Banner," and James Ryder Randall 
the author of "My Maryland." 



80 REPORT OF MARYLAND COMMISSION 

Nothing is more entrancing than the 'elegancy, facility and golden cadence of 
poesy.' Those were miserable people, in the early centuries, of whom Pope wrote these 
words : 

Sages and chiefs, long since had birth, 

Before Csesar was, or Newton named; 
These raised new empires on the earth, 

And these new Heavens and systems framed. 

Vain was the chief's, the sage's pride; 
They had no poet, and they died; 
In vain they schemed, in vain they bled ; 
They had no poet and they are dead. 

Mr. Randall is a native of Baltimore, At the beginning of the war between the 
States he was a professor of English literature and the classics in Poydras College, at 
Pointe Coupee, in Louisiana. The events of April 19, 1861, inspired the writing of 
the grand lyric, "My Maryland." As Brander Matthews has said: "A national hymn 
is one of the things that cannot be made to order." 

Nothing more truthful was ever written, and the land, the city which can claim the 
the writer of its national hymn or its best beloved sonnet should indeed cherish the poet 
and his name forever. Of all the war songs of the South " My [Maryland" alone 
survives. 

The whole poem was dashed off rapidly, when once begun. It was not composed 
in cold blood, but what may be called a conflagration of the senses, if not an inspiration 
of the intellect. "No one was more surprised than I was," said Mr. Randall, "at the 
wide-spread and instantaneous popularity of the lyric I had been so strangely stimu- 
lated to write." 

Poets are historians of the higher sort. Often the verdict of the ordinary historian 
is rewritten at a later age; but the war song of the poet, which kindles the fire of patriot- 
ism in the heart of the warrior on the field of battle, never dies; it is born to immortaHty. 
As Shelley has written: 

Most wretched men 

Are cradled to poetry by wrong; 
They learn in suffering 

What they teach in song. 

Strange are the peculiarities of genius. Key, who wrote the inspiring "Star 
Spangled Banner," has furnished the church with the most beautiful of its hymns. 
What can exceed in tenderness and faith — 

Praise, my soul, the God that sought thee, 

Wretched wanderer, far astray; 
Found thee lost and kindly brought thee 

From the paths of death away: 
Praise, with love's devoutest feehng. 

Him who saw thy guilt-born fear; 
And the light of hope revealing, 

Bade the blood-stained cross appear. 

And so of Randall. 




Wai,tkr J. MiTcuKi.r,. 
Dr. CASWKr.L Gkavk. 
Edward B. Matthkws. 



Thomas li. Svnuiss. 



(;«)KUtJK \V. Mil'ia.AUY. 

Hknjamin K. (.Jkekn. 
Dr. Wim.iam H. (^.ahk. 



JAMESTOWN TER-CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 81 

Turning from the soul-stirring strains of the music of "My Maryland," what more 
comforting to the sin-laden soul of some poor fellow than this sublime poem: 

Teach me, my God, to bear my cross, 

As thine was borne ; 
Teach me to make of every loss 

A crown of thorn. 
Give me Thy patience and Thy strength 

With every breath. 
Until my lingering days at length 

Shall welcome death. 

Dear Jesus! I believe that Thou 

Did'st rise again. 
Instill the spirit in me now 

That conquers pain. 
Give me the grace to cast aside 

All vain desire, 
All the fierce throbbing of a pride 

That flames like fire. 

Give me the calm that Dante wrought 

From sensual din; 
That peace that errant Wolsey sought 

From stalwart sin. 
I seek repose upon Thy breast 

With child-like prayer; 
Oh, let me find the heavenly rest 

And mercy there! 

If I have, in rebellious ways, 

Profaned my life; 
If I have filled my daring days 

With worldly strife; 
If I have shunned the narrow path, 

In crime to fall. 
Lead me from the abode of wrath 

And pardon all! 

Banished from Thee! where shall I find 

For my poor soul 
A safe retreat from storms that blind. 

Or seas that roll? 
Come to me, Christ, e'er I, forlorn, 

Sink 'neath the wave. 
And on this blessed Easter morn 

A lost one save! 

[Great Applause.] 

Senator Whyte's speech led up to the introduction of Colonel James R. 
Randall, the author of "Maryland My Maryland," and when he came before 



82 REPORT OF MARYLAND COMMISSION 

the audience to make his reply there was a great outburst of enthusiasm. 
He expressed his surprise and appreciation, told several anecdotes, and 
then spoke as follows: 

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: 

I am quite overwhelmed by the tribute paid to me by my dear friend, Senator Whyte, 
the grand young-old man of Maryland. Coming from him, I know that he speaks not 
only from the greatness of his intellect but the fullness of his heart. Never before have 
I so wished that I had been trained to public utterance like him or the eloquent president, 
St. George Tucker or Governors Swanson and Warfield, who have preceded me. On this 
memorable occasion, it seems that to be thoroughly equipped for favor, one must not 
only be a Virginian, but have at least some Virginia blood in his veins. One of my 
great-grand fathers came from the glorious Old Dominion and, if a New Orleans scholar, 
of the same name as mine, be correct, an ancestress of mine intermarried with the 
family of William Washington. 

I am unable to express adequately my gratitude and appreciation of the cordial 
welcome you have given me. It is not often that a long-absent fellow citizen meets 
with such an ovation on his homecoming. We all know what happened to Rip Van 
Winkle. I have not been asleep all these years, and I may claim that in some degree 
I have been emulous of Senator Whyte in preserving some of the vital forces of my 
earlier days. 

This scene at the gates of the Chesapeake is familiar to me. After the war as a 
paroled Marylander under the ban of the federal government, I stood beside General 
Miles as he boarded the prison ship of Jefferson Davis, and I saw the unfortunate but 
high-souled ex-president of the Confederacy escorted by a military guard to his cell in 
Fortress Monroe. I understand that General Miles has essayed to remove the stigma of 
that transaction from his character, and, in the providence of God, Jefferson Davis rose 
more gloriously from the indignities heaped upon him than if he had been allowed com- 
plete immunity. I do not mention this to recall bitter memories, but simply as an 
incident of my homefaring after the war. Little did I dream when I stood on the pier 
of Old Point in 1865, a young fellow who had sung of Maryland in distant Louisiana, 
that nearly half a century afterward I should stand almost on the same spot and in old 
age, recalled affectionately by the people of my native Commonwealth as one of her 
sons who had endeavored to illustrate her not unworthily 

It has been my fate, or the will of God rather, that all previous efforts to remain 
where I was born have been frustrated. How it will be I cannot say. I must declare 
that though I have wandered far and in many climes, I never ceased to love Maryland 
and her people supremely and to wonder if the time would ever come for me to really 
go home for good. Like the queen sorrowing for Calais, I think that if my heart were 
to be taken from my breathless body the name of Maryland would be found engraven 
thereon. I have a daughter named Maryland. She is beautiful, good, and, though 
no poet, a true songbird. 

It has been said of me reproachfully that early in my career I abandoned the muse 
and turned such humble gifts as I possessed to prosewriting. If I did not, like a once 
poor but afterward celebrated lawyer, " feel my ragged children tugging at my gown," 
I was soon convinced that my wife and offspring would fare very badly if I continued to 
roam on Mount Parnassus, left to the tender mercies of a commercial world for sub- 
stantial or sentimental maintenance. So I deemed it the highest duty to support them 
in the only practicable manner. Again there was nothing more for me to reap in poetry. 
I had done my best, or the people persist in thinking so, and I shrank from the criticism 



JAMESTOWN TER-CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 83 

which Thackeray pronounced on one of his great contemporaries when he compared 
the last productions of his rival to the rinsings of an old teapot. 

I am somewhat ashamed of having spoken so freely of myself, but it was almost 
unavoidable. I recognize humbly that the blessings I have enjoyed and enjoy are the 
endowments of God and that of myself I am nothing, and that it only behooves me to 
make a benignant use of what has been lent to me for a time. Rather would I speak 
of you, dear friends, and your benedictions. Where are braver and nobler men and 
more beautiful and admirable women than in Maryland? Let me conclude as I began, 
in language of gratitude and thankfulness, that I am proud of having been born in 
Maryland and that I have in my poor way linked my name with hers. While I do not 
pretend to aspire to the literary fame of her immortal sons, singers, warriors, statesmen, 
men of affairs, theologians and adepts of all arts, I can claim to have loved her as well 
as any of them, and in her heart I am content to take the last place until bidden, I 
trust, by the Lord of Glory to "go up higher." [Great Applause.] 

At the end of Colonel Randall's address, the combined organ and band 
played with magnificent effect, "The Lost Chord." Then Captain Colston 
said: 

And now comes a man dear to every Maryland heart. Governor Warfield has 
filled many honors in his native State, and as to how he has filled them I may quote the 
words of Dr. Johnson's epitaph to Goldsmith in Westminster Abbey, which can be 
slightly changed to suit the circumstances: Dr. Johnson said " He touched every branch 
of English literature; he touched none that he did not adorn." 

The people in the audience and on the stage arose with cheers to greet 
the governor of Maryland, and it was sometime before he was able to begin 
his remarks. After presenting his compliments and touching upon the 
addresses of the day, he proceeded with his speech, which was received 
throughout with close attention and frequent applause. 

One year ago, speaking for Maryland, I took part in the exercises attending the lay- 
ing of the cornerstones of the state buildings of Virginia and Maryland; and, again, on 
April 3, last, I attended the official opening of this interesting and historic exposition 
by the president of the United States. 

On both of those occasions I spoke of the cordial relations that have existed between 
Maryland and Virginia from the very first days of their settlement, and dwelt especially 
upon the mutual dependence of these two States upon each other. I also dwelt upon 
the wonderful progress and development of the old South since the Civil War, and the 
promising future of that great section of our country, and I did not fail, at the s;ime 
time, to tell the story of Maryland's glorious past, and to picture her as she is today. 

The greatness of a state depends not only upon her agricultural sections, the products 
of her soil, her waters, her forests, her minerals and her mines; but upon the thrift, 
energy and progressive spirit of the dwellers within her cities, towns and villages. 
[Applause.] 

So as the state as a whole has had her days at this fair, and as this anniversary 
is so closely and sacredly associated with Baltimore City, I have concluded to use ''Balti- 
more, the Gateway to the South," as my text, and by comparison show the wonderful 
record of the South and her cities, with a few words as to the vital duties that rest upon 
their leaders and builders. 

I shall not dwell upon the great military oviMit which makes this ilay the proudest 
and most sacred in Baltimore's annals ; the repulse by her citizen solidcrs of Wellington's 



84 REPORT OF MARYLAND COMMISSION 

veterans of the Peninsula, the finest soldiers of Europe ; nor upon the successful resistance 
from capture by Fort McHenry to warships of England ; nor the writing of our national 
anthem, "The Star Spangled Banner," by a citizen of Maryland. You are famihar 
with all these things in history which Baltimore is celebrating today. 

Instead of September 12 being a Baltimore anniversary, it ought to be a national 
holiday and fete day, with a display of patriotism equaling, if not excelling, that of 
July 4. [Applause.] 

It was through the valor of Baltimore's raw recruits that the Union was saved from 
dissolution. 

Truly, the battle of North Point was a worldwide event, in its influence, which 
marks a turning point in American history. 

Baltimore is one of the oldest cities in the United States, having been surveyed and 
laid off in 1730, and she is today the chief city of the South, and in all essential things 
a true Southern city — Southern in her social habits, in her sympathies, in her manners 
and methods. 

More than this, she is a Virginia city, third among Virginia cities in the number of 
Virginians within her borders. 

By the census of 1900, Baltimore numbered among her citizens one-third as many 
native-born Virginians as dwell in Richmond, the historic capital of the Old Dominion ; 
within 10,000 as many as are in the city of Norfolk and more than there are in any other 
Virginia city. 

Besides these 24,000 Virginians in Baltimore, there are fully 7,000 from the other 
Southern States. Thus you see that my assertion that Baltimore is a Southern city is 
borne out by the facts. [Applause.] 

Our Monumental City owes a great debt to Virginia for her splendid contribution to 
her citizenship. She has given us of her best. 

The men she has sent us have taken leading parts in the marvelous development of 
our city since the close of the Civil War. 

Among our lawyers, our physicians, our clergymen, our bankers, editors and mer- 
chants the Virginians are found in the front ranks. [Applause.] 

In our homes and social circles the women who have come from Virginia have aided 
in imparting to our intercourse that charming grace of manner and that gentleness which 
are found nowhere in such perfection as among Southern women, whose standard of 
womanhood is so exalted. 

In electing or appointing men to ofl&cial position in our city there is no discrimination 
made between the Marylander who was born in Virginia and the Marylander who was 
born in Maryland. [Applause.] 

After the Civil War Baltimore celebrated the return of peace by a great fair for the 
relief of needy widows and orphans of men who had died fighting for the Southern cause. 
It was held in the Maryland Institute in April, 1866, and was managed by the leading 
women of Baltimore, who composed the Ladies' Southern Relief Association. The net 
earnings were $164,569.97, which was distributed for the relief of the needy in all of 
the Confederate States. 

To Virginia was given $27,000; North Carolina, $16,500; South CaroHna, $19,750; 
Georgia, $17,875; Alabama, $16,250; Mississippi, $20,625; Louisiana, $7500; Florida, 
$5000; Arkansas, $5000; Tennessee, $12,500; Maryland refugees, $10,000, and other 
states $6,069.97. [Applause.] 

In 1872, in order to bring Virginia closer to Baltimore and provide an avenue for 
the rich products of the great Shenandoah Valley to reach her markets, the Monumental 
City, at the solicitation and urgent request of that great Virginian, the greatest of all 
Virginians and all Americans, save Washington alone — Robert E. Lee — subscribed 



JAMESTOWN TER-CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 85 

$1,000,000 to the capital stock of the Valley Railroad. And, in return, Virginia has 
poured unstintingly into the lap of Baltimore a rich and profitable trade, coming by rail 
from the upland hills and valleys and by a great fleet of steamers and saihng craft from 
the tidewater region. 

Baltimore is now an imperial city, the open gateway between the North and the 
South. She stands with her face to the South at the head of the greatest system of 
internal tidewaterways in this country, penetrating nearly 50 counties, with a shore 
line as long as the Atlantic Coast of the United States from Maine to Florida. 

Navigating this great system of waters there is a constant procession of vessels 
loaded deep with the products of the field and forest, of the water, of the gardens and 
orchards and mines, bringing them to market or returning freighted with the products 
of industry in Maryland. 

Baltimore is now, at the public cost, expending several million dollars to improve 
the docks and other facilities for handling this vast trafiic. And the United States is 
also expending millions in deepening the channel of the Chesapeake and the Patapsco 
to 35 feet from the ocean to the city's wharves. [Applause.] 

To and from her wharves eleven lines of trans- Atlantic steamers arrive and depart 
on regular schedules, freighted with American products for the Old World, or returning 
with cargoes from other lands. Besides these are lines of coastwise steamers plying to 
the principal Atlantic ports and a recently estabhshed fine to New Orleans and other 
Gulf cities. 

Emerging from the Civil War greatly exhausted, and with a population of about 
225,000, her trade nearly gone and with many of her brightest and bravest and most 
promising young men in heroes' graves on the bloody battlefields of the South, Baltimore 
has since that time made great strides in progress, in population and in wealth. 

Her population will be recorded as 800,000 in the census of 1910, and our business 
organizations have recently decreed that in 1914, when we celebrate the one hundredth 
anniversary of this historic day, her population shall be 1,000,000. 

The annual output of her factories, including those in the immediate suburbs, is 
valued at over $200,000,000. 

She gathers iron ore from the land of Don Quixote and from Cuba, converts it into 
steel rails, which she distributes to Chile, to Argentina, to Japan, to China and to far- 
distant Australia — in fact, the sun never sets on the Maryland steel rail. 

The victorious army of Japan in the Manchurian campaign rested under canvas 
manufactured in Baltimore, and the white wings of sailing craft which take their flight 
on many seas are branded with the name of a Baltimore factory. 

Millions of men and women wear straw hats made in Baltimore, and the product 
of the clothing factories of the city sells for some twenty-five million dollars year by year. 

Thousands of men are employed in making freight cars to supply the urgent demand 
of the traffic of the country. 

Her canning factories give employment to fully 5000 hamls, and distribute their 
products to every civilized land, making the name of Baltimore a liousohold word among 
all peoples. 

The city has invested in her industries over $150,000,000, and employs in them 
75,000 clerks and operatives, whose earnings amount to $33,000,000 a year. 

She has in her savings banks over $80,000,000, and on deposit in her banks and 
trust companies over $125,000,000. 

The capital stock and surplus funds of her national banks amount to $10,815,700, 
and her trust companies $29,147,447. 

She is the financial center and headquarters of a majority of the loading surety 
companies of the world. 



86 REPORT OF MARYLAND COMMISSION 

The aggregate capital and surpluses of these Baltimore companies amount to $12,- 
254,726, as against §19,438,509 of the surety companies in all of the other cities of the 
United States. 

Her clearing house operations aggregate one and a third biUions a year. 

Her shipyards turn out a fleet of vessels everj^ twelve months. 

In 1870 the manufacturers of Baltimore employed only one-third as many hands as 
they do today, and the value of the product was only 25 per cent of the present output. 

Since the days of the chpper ships, Baltimore has been one of the leaders in America's 
export trade. In 1890 her foreign trade was about S87,000,000. In 1906 it was over 
$140,000,000. 

In accomplishing aU of these marvelous commercial results Baltimore has been set- 
ting the pace for her sister Southern cities. 

Prussia, after the Thirty Years' War, was not in such a condition of ruin and devas- 
tation as was the South after four years of war and the succeeding years of the carpetbag 
rule and reconstruction. 

"That which the locust had left the canker worm had eaten." 

In 1860 the assessed value of all the property in the South was $5,200,000,000. In 
1870 it had decHned to $3,100,000,000. In 1880 it had decHned to $2,800,000,000. 

Today it is $20,000,000,000. [Applause.] 

The South is now mining more than twice as much coal as the country mined in 
1880, is making more than three times as much coke, more than twice as much lumber, 
and nearly as much pig iron. 

In 1880 the South produced 5,761,000 bales of cotton. In 1906 the production was 
13,500,000 bales, and this year the South will pick a cotton crop worth $900,000,000. 
Think of it ! And the production of other farm products has increased in the same 
ratio. 

The foreign commerce of the chief Southern ports has grown in 25 years as if by 
magic. That of Brunswick, Ga., grew between 1880 and 1906, from less than $8,000,000 
to $13,000,000; Fernandina, from $296,000 to $6,700,000; Newport News, from $7,000,- 
000 to $23,000,000; Savannah, from $32,000,000 to $66,000,000; Wihnington, N. C, 
from $7,000,000 to $19,000,000; Galveston, Texas, from $25,000,000 to $227,117,921; 
Mobile, from $3,500,000 to $26,000,000; New Orleans, from §123,000,000 to $190,000,000; 
Pensacola, from $3,500,000 to $19,000,000; Tampa, from $500,000 to $6,000,000 and 
Baltimore, from $87,000,000 to $140,000,000. 

My friends, I hope I have not wearied you with this array of figures. To me they 
have proved more than interesting. They have been fascinating. They demonstrate 
the amazing and marvelous growth of the South and make one realize that more material 
and commercial progress has been made in the states of the old South during the last 
quarter of a century than has been achieved in any other section of the country. 
[Applause.] 

In the hght of these figures, it looks as though Appomattox was an immeasurably 
greater victory for the South than it was for the North. [The applause at this point 
was exceptionally general and enthusiastic] 

Let us travel a Httle farther into this subject, and I ask you to bear this in mind 
particularly — the length of the railroads of the South increased from 20,600 miles in 
1880 to 65,000 in 1907. 

Here you have, in one comparison, the secret of how the South has been able to 
break aU the records of the world in the increase of her commerce and wealth. 

Without these additional railroad facilities she could not have done it. 

The gi-eat rule of success in modern business economy is to do bigger things tomorrow 
than to day, and it is a plain proposition that the South must keep on increasing her 



JAMESTOWN TER-CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 87 

transportation facilities and adding to her railroad nadleage if she wishes to continue her 
commercial growth and prosperity. [Applause.] 

Baltimore has contributed of her capital and her enterprising men in this great 
development of the South and has invested more than $200,000,000 in Southern rail- 
roads. Southern cotton mills, Southern street railways, Southern coal mines, timberlands 
and factories. Her financiers and capitalists have had faith in the integrity and credit 
of the South. The question confronting us today is, shall that confidence be destroyed? 
Has it been shaken by the recent attitude of some of the people of the South toward 
corporations and corporate interests? 

If the South is sure of herself and will need in the future no outside capital — if she 
has resources of her own sufficient for her further development — then the course these 
people are pursuing may prove all right, though it seems to me that your local capital 
needs exactly the same protection that outside capital requires, and that without this 
it will not seek investment in the development of your matchless resources. But if she 
does need outside financial aid, then they are doing their best to kill the goose that has 
been laying the golden eggs. [Great applause.] 

Don't forget that the bonds and mortgage securities of the South today represent 
actual money. There is very httle fictitious valuation. I can say from personal 
knowledge and experience in connection with these investments and on the testimony 
of our most conservative financiers that the water has been squeezed out and we have 
now the substance. 

And these bonds and securities are held by your people and by our people, by your 
institutions and by our institutions, and by capitalists who have supplied to the South 
the means by which it has wrought its new prosperity. So it follows that you cannot 
touch the securities without at once affecting your own people and your own best 
interests, and the favor and steadfastness of those who have helped you through all the 
years. [Applause.] 

This is no occasion for politics, and I am not talking politics. I am, I hope, talking; 
straight, sensible business to our own people of Maryland and to our good friends all 
through the South. 

It happens that I belong to the political party which is dominant throughout the 
South, and that I beheve firmly in its tenets, but I do not believe in the antagonism 
which has arisen in some sections to assail and harass capital, and to make harder the 
future of our beautiful South in its efforts to realize the destiny that belongs to its 
people, and its exhaustless natural weath. 

And when I say this I do not wish to be understood as referring in any sense to 
the State executives who have fearlessly taken care that the laws of their respective 
States are obeyed. 

By all means, let us see that the laws are enfored, and that the guilty are punished, 
be they rich or poor, high or low. [Applause.] But let us not be unmindful of the 
dangers that come from mere crusades that appeal to public clamor and take no thought 
of the morrow. [Great Applause.] 

We have achieved a great gain in the past several years. Even the worst railroads 
and corporations have been made to see the errors of their ways. 

I take no stock in the idea that great organizations of capital are manned by bands 
of criminals. I believe that with but few exceptions their executive officers are loyal 
citizens who are anxious to correct mistakes in methods and to do what is right and obey 
the laws. [Apphiuse.] 

I believe that today the desire is to live up to the views of a reasonable public and 
to serve its interests honestly and faithfully. [Applause.] 

So why is it not possible, now that the readjustment of conditions ami mothoils has 



88 REPORT OF MARYLAND COMMISSION 

come, to take this new start, to exercise a proper forgiveness, and to work together for 
the larger good of all the people? [Applause,] 

That, as I conceive it, is the duty today not only of the South, but of the whole 
country. If we can get this broader view into the minds of our public servants and 
into our new legislation, we shall attract capital to the South — to your State and to 
our State — instead of driving it away, and we shall keep the securities, which have been 
taken upon the faith of the investor in the South' s integrity, safe and sound. It is a 
matter not only of proper patriotism, but it means new and untold millions of wealth 
and happiness to our loved South. [Great Applause.] 

Governor Warfield's address concluded the exercises in the Auditorium. 
It was now past one o'clock, and the official party took carriages and 
automobiles for the Maryland Building, where luncheon was waiting. The 
officials of the exposition, the representatives of the army and navy, the 
Governor of Virginia and Mrs. Swanson, and distinguished guests from 
other states, joined the Maryland ers and for an hour there was a brilliant 
scene in the old senate chamber, where the main luncheon was served. 
At two o'clock the doors were thrown open and during the next two hours 
a steady stream of people poured in and out of the building. In order to 
accommodate the throng there was on the lawn a large tent in which 
refreshments were also served. 

During the reception the band of the Fourth Maryland Regiment 
furnished excellent music. Between two and three thousand guests were 
abundantly fed, and the function was voted quite the most successful of 
its kind that had been held on the exposition grounds. The people were 
received by Governor Warfield, assisted by Captain Colston, chairman of 
the Maryland Commission; Mrs. Swanson, wife of the governor of Virginia; 
Mrs. John Ridgely and Mrs. Henry W. Rogers, of the Ladies' Auxihary 
Commission, and Miss Mary L. Robbins, hostess of the Maryland Building. 
The other members of the commission and Mr. J. WiUiam Baughman, the 
host of Maryland Building, acted as a Committee on Entertainment. 

At a quarter to four the Marylanders again took carriages and auto- 
mobiles, and hastened to the reviewing stand on Lee Parade grounds. Here 
by four o'clock a brilliant audience of over 6000 people assembled. Gover- 
nor Warfield occupied the center of the reviewing stand, and with him 
were his staff, Mrs. John Ridgely, Mrs. Henry W. Rogers, Captain 
Frederick M. Colston, Admiral Harrington, President Tucker, the officers 
of the Ida de Cuba, Governor Swanson of Virginia, and Mayor Mahool 
of Baltimore. 

Passing in review before the governor came the Twenty-third Infantry, 
U. S. A., Major H. H. Benham; Second Squadron of the Twelfth Cavalry, 
Captain Charles J. Simmons; Battery D, Third Field Artillery, Lieutenant 
Charles S. Blakely; and the Second BattaHon of the Fourth Maryland 
Regiment. The review was one of the finest of the year, and it called forth 
enthusiastic applause. 



JAMESTOWN TER-CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 89 

After the review raost of the members of the commission returned to 
Old Point Comfort, from which place they took the steamer Virginia for 
Baltimore. Many, however, remained over for the reception given to the 
governor of Maryland by the governor of Virginia and Mrs. Swanson. 
This was one of the finest events of the season, and attended by hundreds 
of officials and leading citizens. Receiving with Mrs. Swanson were 
Governor Warfield, Mrs. John Ridgely, Mrs. J. Barry Mahool, Mrs. Henry 
W. Rogers, and Mrs. Douglas H. Gordon. 

Maryland Day was honored by the presence of important organizations, 
such as The Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Baltimore, The Dentists 
of Maryland, The East Baltimore Business Men's Association, and others. 
The band of the Fourth Regiment added much to the day by its serenades, 
one of which was given at the Baltimore Building, which, next to the 
Maryland Building, was the center of interest. Without exception the 
newspapers spoke of Maryland Day as the most successful celebration that 
the exposition had known. Praise of Maryland's hospitality was heard 
from every side. The commissioners who had worked so hard for the 
program were delighted with the good fortune and the good weather that 
blessed their efforts. Senator Whyte declared that in all his long experience 
in public functions it was the finest, most enjoyable and most comfortable 
he had ever known. The commission received numerous letters convey- 
ing sentiments of warm appreciation and approval. 

Baltimore Day was celebrated on the twenty-seventh of June and it 
was made notable by the presence of a large company of Marylanders and 
by a program which included speeches by Mr. William B. Hurst, Mr. H. F. 
Baker, Mayor Mahool and Governor Warfield. A reception and luncheon 
followed. The Maryland Commission was represented by the chairman 
and the secretary and other members and the Auxiliary Commission was 
represented by Mrs. Henry W. Rogers. The correspondence attached, 
speaks for itself: 



June 6, 1907. 
My dear Mr. Baker: 

Confirming our conversation of yesterday I beg to tender for Baltimore Day, or 
for any other occasion made special by you, whatever cooperation and assistance we 
may be able to lender. This offer is made particularly on behalf of our chairman, 
Captain Colston, and I can assure you that he voices the wishes of the Maryland Com- 
missioners. Of course you understand that the Maryland Building belongs to all 
Marylanders all the time, but our thought is that on Baltimore Day we may have 
the pleasure of performing some special service that will help out your program. 
Certainly we shall hope that all Baltimore visitors will call at the State Building. 

Permit me to very heartily congratulate you and (he members of your conunission 



90 REPORT OF MARYLAND COMMISSION 

upon the admirable design of the House of Welcome and upon the genuine feeling of 
homeness and hospitality that pervades it. 

Faithfully yours, 

Lynn R. Meekins, 
Secretary of the Maryland Commission. 
Mr. H. F. Baker, 

President of the Baltimore Commission 
to the Jamestown Exposition. 

June 10, 1907. 
My dear Mr. Meekins: 

Your kind letter of the 6th instant was found upon my return today. I am very 
glad to note the spirit of cooperation expressed in your letter, and, in behalf of our 
committee, beg to say that if there is anything we can do to aid your commission in 
preparing the celebration for Maryland Day or cooperating in any other manner at 
any other time, we shall be only too glad to do so. 

Please convey to the chairman and other members of the commission our apprecia- 
tion of this kind offer. 

Yours truly, 

H. F. Baker, 
Chairman Baltimore Jamestown Committee. 

On Maryland Day the Baltimore Commission was represented by 
several of its officers and members and Mayor Mahool was a special guest 
of the State 



Chapter X. 

THE HORTICULTURAL EXHIBIT— THE OYSTER EXHIBIT. 

The Maryland horticultural exhibit was the only state exhibit that was 
complete in its installation on the date of the opening of the exposition to 
the public. It was, therefore, the only one to receive the following special 
acknowledgment : 

April 27, 1907. 
Hon. Edwin Warfield, 

Governor of Maryland, 
Maryland Building, 
Sir: — At the request of the governor of exhibits, I am writing you to extend the 
hearty thanks of the exhibit division of the Jamestown Exposition for the prompt and 
energetic manner in which Maryland has met conditions here, and for the very attractive 
and complete installation on the opening day made by the state of Maryland under the 
active supervision of Professor Thomas B. Symons, the state entomologist. 

Respectfully, 

R. Gordon Finney, 

Chief of Agriculture. 

The horticulturists of Maryland made a strong plea to the Maryland 
Commission for an appropriation of $10,000. That sum, however, the 
commission could not spare from its total funds of $65,000. The amount 
voted was $5000 and upon this, and with the help from the Maryland 
Agricultural College and other sources, the exhibit under the direction of 
Prof. Thomas B. Symons, became one of the most interesting and success- 
ful at the exposition, capturing 20 gold, 16 silver and 38 bronze medals. 

The exhibit occupied section five in the States Exhibit Palace, and cov- 
ered 2000 square feet of floor and about 1400 square feet of wall space. The 
location of the exhibit was excellent and the large sign ''Maryland," in the 
state's colors, could be seen easily from the main entrance of the building. 
In the center and to the back of the booth was an office and rest room, 10 
feet from the floor and 8 by 10 feet in its dimensions. The office was fin- 
ished in white and gold and decorated with ropes of ivy through the balcony 
and stair rails, with a magnificent cluster of grapes and foliage in front. 
Below this office were cold storage and store rooms. 

Surrounding the space was an iron railing painted black and at the 
entrance were placed, for a part of the period, beautiful dwarf cedar trees 
in tubs. At other times boxwoods, arbor vitcc and a hedge of privet 
were used. These with the palms, crotons and ivy around the windows, 



92 REPORT OF MARYLAND COMMISSION 

and with large vases of fresh flowers and the tables continually covered 
with fruits and vegetables made a most striking and attractive display and 
gave the Maryland exhibit a distinctively fresh appearance in contrast to 
other permanent exhibits surrounding it in the building. 

The ceiUng, pillars and wall space were profusely decorated mth the 
Maryland colors, providing a fine back-ground for the many appropriate 
photographs and hand -drawn charts. In the centre of the wall was placed 
a large hand-painted oriole, the emblematic bird of Baltimore, on each side 
of which were framed certificates of the gold and silver medals won by the 
state at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. The real medals were in front 
of the booth on the center pillar. These were loaned through the courtesy 
of Director W. L. Amoss. 

Prominent among the photographs were the four large panoramic 
views taken by Mr. J. W. Schaeffer and colored by Miss C. K. Jackson, 
which were loaned by the Maryland Agricultural College. The views, 
showing the beautiful natural scenery on Eastern and Western Shores of 
the state, were greatly admired. These with four other medal certificates, 
various views of students at practical work in horticulture and mechanics, 
elaborate charts shown by the Shell-fish Commission and five enlarged 
photographs of the magnificent display of fruit at the last annual meeting 
of the Maryland Horticultural Society, comprised the general features of 
the wall decorations and the booth as a whole. 

Not until far into the fall of 1906 was it decided to make this exhibit 
and then it was too late to secure fruit for cold storage, as 1906 was rather 
an unseasonable year for fruit in Maryland and the crop had been disposed 
of by the latter part of November. It was, therefore, only possible to 
repack the best fruit from the large exhibit of the Maryland Horticultural 
Society, which was held in Baltimore, December 4 and 5, 1906. It was 
surprising to observe the manner in which this fruit kept, and it gave the 
exhibit the advantage of having contributions of fine apples from about 
thirty different exhibitors during the first few weeks of the exposition. 

The booth contained twenty-one extension tables, white with gold 
trimmings, and on these tables were shown the best fruits and vegetables 
the state could produce. Owing to the small amount of fruit in cold stor- 
age the exhibit was dependent upon fresh fruits that could be secured as 
they ripened in the different parts of the state. 

After winning its unique success at the opening of the exposition the 
exhibit attracted special attention by the great display of Maryland straw- 
berries in the latter part of June. As the state leads the Union in the 
growing of this fruit it was fitting to make a demonstration of its ability to 
show berries that could overshadow all others both in quantity and quality. 
This it did and visitors were surprised at the excellence and size of the Mary- 
land strawberry. The exhibit was indebted to Montgomery County for 



% 



JAMESTOWN TER-CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 93 

the largest and finest berries. One exhibit of twenty-one berries averaged 
about three ounces in weight, while some individual berries weighed four 
to five ounces. The strawberries were followed by all the other small 
fruits grown in the state, there being nine different fruits shown at one time 
during July. 

From the start it was determined if possible to have large quantities 
of a given fruit or vegetable each week. Therefore, raspberries, currants, 
gooseberries and dewberries were shown on a large scale during their 
respective periods of ripening. These small fruits were followed by sum- 
mer apples, peaches, pears and plums in season. 

The latter part of August the Eastern Shore peach was supreme. This 
display was followed by watermelon and canteloupe week which proved 
one of the most attractive exhibits in the period. The watermelons were 
remarkably fine, averaging from fifty to seventy-five pounds in weight, 
and the canteloupes, placed between the large melons made a goodly 
showing. Following the watermelons came a successful grape show. 

On September 24 the Maryland Horticultural Society held its summer 
meeting with a large attendance of members. At this period also the 
the American Pomological Society held its meeting at the exposition and 
Maryland contributed a large table covered with the finest variety of apples 
to their special exhibit. At this time peaches from the Eastern Shore, 
which had been kept in cold storage for one month, were shown with a 
few from western Maryland. The kiUing of practically the whole crop 
in western Maryland was a hardship to the exhibit as well as to the growers, 
making it impossible to demonstrate the ability of the western part of the 
state to grow this fruit. 

During the latter part of the exposition the fruit exhibit was made up 
entirely of the many varieties of apples grown in the state. 

The vegetable exhibit was maintained in a similar manner to the fruit, 
making a speciality of the prominent vegetables at their respective periods 
of ripening. At the opening of the exposition over twenty varieties of 
Irish potatoes were shown and a quantity of sweet potatoes. As the season 
advanced these were replaced by fine cabbage, new Irish and sweet potatoes, 
beets, kohlrabi, peppers, carrots, onions, squashes, gourds, tomatoes and 
cauliflower. The tomatoes were given special prominence as the state is 
known far and wide for its abundant production of this vegetable. Cauli- 
flower from Garrett County attracted much attention as several hundred 
exceptionally large heads of this vegetable were shown. 

An exhibit that surprised even Marylanders was the fine collection of 
wild and cultivated nuts that grow in this state. English, Japanese anti 
American walnuts, pecans, butternuts, filberts atul shollbarks proved an 
unexpected possibility for Maryland. 

The floral exhibit throughout the season addctl much to the gonoral 



94 KEPORT OF MARYLAND COMMISSION 

attractiveness of the Maryland exhibit and demonstrated to the public 
the fact that the state contains many flower-growers on a commercial 
scale. Commencing with Easter HUes, roses and carnations and other 
flowers grown under glass early in the season the space was continually 
beautified by masses of bloom. 

The first idea of those interested in the exhibit had been to have only 
the fresh fruits and vegetables, but it was decided that a Maryland horticul- 
tural exhibit would be sadly lacking without a representation of the great 
canning industry of the state. Maryland leads the Union in canning toma- 
toes and peas and stands fourth in the canning of corn. In exploitation 
of this industry there were two pyramids eight feet in diameter and fifteen 
feet high composed of cans of all sizes, representing the different brands of 
fruits and vegetables canned by the various companies. In this connection 
it should be stated that only four companies submitted fresh samples for 
the consideration of the jury of awards at their meeting September 10, 
and this will explain the smallness in number of awards on this particular 
exhibit. 

In all there were over 100 contributors to the horticultural exhibit. 
A complete fist of the above will be found at the end of this article. 

The very creditable exhibit of the Maryland Agricultural College was 
located at the east end of the booth. Probably the most noticeable feature 
was the magnificent cabinet made of quartered oak with inlaid hardwood 
floor and walnut base containing fifty specimens of steel, iron and wood- 
wook and bearing the following inscription : 

This exhibition case made by the freshman mechanical engineering class, 1907. All 
examples in case made by mechanical engineering students of this college. Woodwork 
by freshmen, forging and casting by sophomores, machine work by juniors and seniors. 

The mechanical department was further represented by fifty framed 
mechanical drawings and designs by students of different years. The 
majority of these drawings were shown on the wall. 

The botanical department showed many models of our common flowers, 
fruits and seeds and a large collection of mounted flowers and plants. Both 
the large botanical models and the entomological models of beetles and 
moths and ten large Riker mounts of various moths and butterflies, made 
by the students, attracted great attention from all visitors. In a cabinet 
case were shown the beneficial insects of Maryland from the collection of 
the entomological department of the college. 

This exhibit also included a number of large photographs showing the 
students at class in various phases of practical horticulture: pruning grapes 
and fruit trees, grafting, spraying and other greenhouse work. Six 
magnificent banners in royal purple and gold were shown. These tokens of 
the Inter-Collegiate Athletic Association of Maryland were won by the 




PEACH WEEK 




CHEAT KALI. Ari'l.I'; DISIMAY 
TWO VIKWS OV THE IIOHTlCr I.TIHAL EXHllllT 



JAMESTOWN TER-CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 95 

students of the college in different years. There were also two banners 
won by the students in debate with Delaware College. 

Two large panoramic views showed the buildings and campus of the 
Maryland Agricultural College and of the Maryland Experiment Sta- 
tion. 

While the end in view throughout the exposition period was to make the 
exhibit so pleasing and attractive that visitors would personally investigate 
the exhibition showing the horticultural resources of the state it was con- 
sidered well to have literature which could be given to visitors to take home 
with them for further information. To do this the Maryland Agricultural 
College through the State Horticultural Department kindly cooperated 
in printing a five leaf folding pamphlet on one side of which was given a 
map of the state, the cut for which was loaned through the courtesy of Dr. 
William Bullock Clark, of the Geological Survey, to whom this exhibit was 
also indebted for various maps of counties and a map of the whole state. 
On the other side of the pamphlet was an article accompanied by cuts of 
the different agricultural and horticultural industries. A copy of this 
pamphlet was given to every passerby and visitor. In addition the Mary- 
land Agricultural College appropriated funds for printing four thousand 
extra volumes of the report of the Maryland Horticultural Society. This 
volume of over two hundred pages was given to persons showing particular 
interest. 

Through the courtesy of the chief bureau of information and statistics 
of the state a number of its annual reports for 1905 and 1906 were sent for 
distribution. These valuable reports contained information for the pros- 
pective immigrant to the state. Books entitled " Maryland" by Mr. T. J. C. 
WiUiams, and printed by the board of public works containing much infor- 
mation about the state, were also given to visitors. 

These different forms of literature were found very desirable and accept- 
able and much good accrued from the advertisement. 

Another feature which proved very satisfactory was that on each plate 
of fruit and indeed on all exhibits in the booth was placed a card on which 
was printed a map of Maryland showing by a red cross the locality from 
which the specimens was sent together with the name and address of the 
exhibitor. Thus the observer was able at a glance to know all about the 
specimens in question. 

The appropriation for the exhibit was first solicited by the members of 
the Horticultural Society. After the recognition by the commission and 
the appropriation of $5000 for this exhibit the officers of the society were 
asked for recommendations regarding someone to be placed in charge of 
the exhibit. Their recommendation and approval by the commission 
resulted in the appointment of Professor Thomas B. Symons, state entomolo- 
gist and secretary of the Horticultural Society, to take entire charge of 



96 



REPORT OP MARYLAND COMMISSION 



the exhibit, and its installation and maintenance was personally conducted 
by him with the cooperation of the horticulturists of the state. Professor 
Symons performed his task with notable success. 

The placing of the responsibility of this exhibit in the hands of Professor 
Symons was only possible through the courtesy and cooperation of the 
president and board of trustees of the Maryland Agricultural College and 
Experiment Station, in allowing him to transfer his office and take up this 
work. To the Maryland Experiment Station the exhibit is indebted for the 
loan of many articles of decoration and fixtures in the booth and for large 
quantities of fine fruit for exhibiting purposes throughout the period. 
Professor Symons in indebted to Director H. J. Patterson and Mr. W. L. 
Amoss for many able suggestions given him in the planning of the installa- 
tion. 

To all persons who have contributed in any way the commission and 
officers interested are greatly indebted. To Mr. J. Spencer Lapham of 
Goldsboro, Maryland, too much credit cannot be given for his faithful 
services given free in securing fresh fruits for the exhibit at a time when it 
was not possible to know from day to day what position the exhibit would 
take. By his efforts the most troublesome period was passed. To Mr. 
Orlando Harrison, president of the State Horticultural Society, the commis- 
sion is gratefully indebted for his active support and aid in contributing to 
the exhibit. 

Among the long list of contributors which concludes this report it is 
with pleasure that special mention is made of the following: 

Messrs. H. Weber and Sons of Oakland, Maryland for their splendid 
exhibit of cauhflower which was maintained for over a month; Mr. W. F. 
Allen of Salisbury for his fine show of watermelons and canteloupes; Messrs. 
R. Vincent, Jr., and Sons, Isaac H. Moss, C. L. Seybold and J. J. Perry 
for able assistance in the floral exhibit; Mr. George Morrison of Uplands 
for his very fine exhibit of palms which remained on the space throughout 
the period of the exposition; Mr. A. T. Goldsborough of Wesley Heights for 
the largest strawberries exhibited; Mr. J. Aikenhead of Easton for fine 
commercial exhibit of strawberries; Mr. F. E. Matthews of Pocomoke City 
for various exhibits of fruits and vegetables; Messrs. Sanger Brothers of 
Easton and E. P. Cohill of Hancock for commercial exhibits of fruit, and 
Mr. J. W. Kerr of Denton for the special exhibit of thirty-eight varieties 
of nuts. 

The commission is particularly indebted to the president and officers 
of the Baltimore Refrigerating and Heating Company for their cordial sup- 
port, through their cold storage plant at Norfolk, in keeping all fruit for 
exhibit free of charge, and to Messrs. M. L. Himmel and Son of Baltimore 
for their courtesy in loaning the office furniture for the exhibit. 

The following resolutions were adopted by the Horticultural Society 



JAMESTOWN TER-CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 



97 



at its summer meeting held at the Jamestown Exposition, September 24, 
1907. 

Resolved: — That the thanks and appreciation of the members of Maryland State 
Horticultural Society be expressed through this resolution to all editors in the State as 
well as in Virginia and various horticultural and agricultural journals for the cordial 
support in promoting the aims of the association in bringing to the public's attention, 
the great opportunities for this industry in Maryland. Be it further: 

Resolved: — That the members of Maryland State Horticultural Society are very- 
much gratified with the good work done by Professor Thos. B, Symons at the Jamestown 
Exposition, especially when we take into consideration the small amount of the appro- 
priation that he had to do it with, and ask that he be commended in all that he is doing 
for our "Grand Old State of Maryland." Be it further: 

Resolved: — That the members of this association extend to the officers of the James- 
town Exposition, their great appreciation for the setting aside September 24 to be-known 
as Maryland Horticultural Society Day and various courtesies in furnishing music at 
the opening of our session, and in providing a most pleasant place for the meeting. 
Be it further: 

Resolved: — That as the Jamestown Exposition has received so much adverse com- 
ment by earlier visitors that would tend to discourage future visitors from the exposition 
that the members of this association hereby testify to their fellow citizens in the State 
that the exposition in its complete form is more than worth a visit by every Marylander, 
and we urge upon everyone in the State who has not visited same to not miss this great 
opportunity of viewing a picturesque as well as most edifying exposition. 

Exhibitors of Fruits. 



W. H. Whike, Greenmount. 

Maryland Experiment Station, College Park. 

J. S. Laphan, Goldsboro. 

Salome Garey, Denton. 

R. H. Phelps, Brooklyn. 

Mary R. Thompson, Easton. 

Sanger Bros., Cordova. 

Presley Parvis, Henderson. 

J. A. Nicodemus, Edgemont. 

R. Bentley Thomas, Ednor, 

E. P. Thomas, Ednor, 

A. T. Goldsborough, Wesley Heights, D. C. 

W. H. Clark, Henderson. 

Frank Henry, Goldsboro. 

Aaron Newcomer, Smithsburg. 

E. I. Oswald, Chewsville. 
Oscar Collier, Easton. 

W. L. Pritchett, Henderson. 
W. E. Shockley, Goldsboro. 
Robert Jarrell, Goldsboro. 
J. Aikenhead, Easton. 
J. G. Harrison & Son, Berlin. 
W. T. Seward, Goldsboro. 
D. E. Kelly, Denton. 
Claud Philips, Qiiantico. 

F. O. Foard, Forest Hill. 



W. Sapp, Goldsboro. 

W. H. Clark, Goldsboro. 

Hi Dyer, Goldsboro. 

J. W. Da^'idson, Patapsco. 

A. J. Cohill, Hancock. 

C. M. Peters, Snow Hill. 

W. H. S. Algire, Hampstead. 

E. E. Brown, Calvert. 

J. E. Stonner, Westminster. 
C. A. Reed, College Park. 

F. E. Matthews, Pocomoke City. 
A. L. Towson, Smithsburg. 

C. Bickle, Smithburg. 

Jas. S. Harris, Coleman. 

J. S. Kelly, Denton. 

John S. Barnhart, Denton. 

W. R. Mason, Oakland. 

J. A. Davis, (Goldsboro. 

Florence Beachloy, Hagerstown. 

E. H. Snyder, Hagerstown. 

Peter Chisholm, Baltimore. 

Riley Murphy, Oakland. 

J. C. Jackson, Clear Springs. 

G. L. Kisling, Bel .\ir. 
Sanuiol Wallon, Frioiulville. 
JelT. Shankliu, Baltimore. 



98 



REPORT OF MARYLAND COMMISSION 



Samuel L. Byrn, Cambridge. 

E. P. Cohill, Hancock. 

Frank Peters, Snow Hill. 

I. L. Scott, Goldsboro. 

S. S. Stouffer, Sharpsburg. 

D. O. Snively, Hagerstown. 

S. B. Foose, Edgement. 

J. Payton Thompson, Rhodesdale. 

C. C. Brown, Chestertown. 

D. H. Barnhart, Denton. 



W. McCulloh Brown, Oakland. 
J. M. Conneway, Oakland. 
Samuel Garner, Annapolis. 
F. J. Downey, Sandy Springs. 

D. H. Hargett, Frederick. 

E. F. Berndenburg, Deer Park. 
J. Bishop, Hoyes. 

A. Smith, Hoyes. 

J. B. Andrews, Hurlock. 



Exhibitors of Vegetables. 



W. F. Allen, Salisbury. 
F. E. Matthews, Pocomoke. 
M. Goldsborough, Easton. 
Sanger Bros., Cordova. 
Weber & Sons, Oakland. 
L. N. Cochran, Rhodesdale. 
J. A. Davis, Woodbine. 
Samuel L. Byrn, Cambridge. 
J. Spencer Lapham, Goldsboro. 
F. H. Clopper, Keedysville. 
W. H. S. Algire, Hampstead. 
J. W. Da\idson, Patapsco. 
Joseph Sampson, E. New Market. 
Gus Seller, Baltimore. 
James Elsey, Salisburg. 



W. A. Heinneberger, Keedysville. 

A. Warner, Easton. 

J. A. Barber, Easton. 

Geo. Robinson, Easton. 

Chas. Lowndes, Easton. 

Frank A. White, Easton. 

A. Street, Easton. 

J. H. McCaulley, Leeds. 

E. P. Thomas, Ednor. 

J. S. Smith Brooklyn. 

CD. Sprecker, Hagerstown. 

Alexander McCormick, Philopolis. 

J. S. Ober, Goldsboro. 

J. P. Blessing, Brownsville. 



Exhibitors of Flowers and Plants. 



J. Cook, Baltimore. 
J. J. Perry, Baltimore. 
The H. Weber & Sons, Oakland. 
Isaac H. Moss, Govanstown. 
Chas. L. Seybold, Baltimore. 
Geo. Morrison, Baltimore. 
R. Vincent, Jr., TMiite Marsh. 
Edwin A. Seidwitz, Baltimore. 
John Frazier, Ruxton. 
David Walls, Barclay. 



J. G. Harrison & Sons, Berlin. 
W. F. AUen, Salisbury. 
Salome Garey, Denton. 
F. C. Bauer, Govanstown. 
Miss Ecker, Baltimore. 
William Frazier, Ruxton. 
Md. Expt. Sta., College Park. 
C. W. Roe, Easton. 
Henry Trail, Frederick. 



Exhibitors of Nuts. 



J. W. Kerr, Denton. 

W. McCuUoh Brown, Oakland. 



Fillmore Lankford, Princess Anne. 
R. Bentley, Sandy Springs. 



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CHRYSANTHEMUM WEEK, HORTICULTrRAL EXHIBIT 




WA'l1';i{MEL()N AND CA NTA1,( Jri'M Wlll'.K, ! I< >1M1( T 1 I T U Al, i:\llllUl' 



^ 



JAMESTOWN TER-CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION VJU 

MEDALS AWARDED TO THE MARYLAND HORTICULTURAL EXHIBIT 
AND THE MARYLAND EXHIBITORS: 

Jury of Awards, Department of Horticulture. 
{Fresh Fruits and Vegetables, Flowers and Nuts) 

State of Maryland 

GOLD MEDALS. 

Maryland State Commission, Baltimore, Collective Horticultural 
Exhibit. 

Maryland State Commission, Baltimore, Continuous Display of Cut 
Flowers, 

Maryland State Commission, Baltimore, Collective Exhibit of Canned 
and Preserved Fruits and Vegetables. 

John Cook, Baltimore, Roses and Chrysanthemums. 

Florists' Exchange, Baltimore, Cut Flowers. 

Mrs. H. B. Jacobs, Baltimore, Roses and Chrysanthemums. 

Geo. Morrison, Baltimore, Cut Flowers. 

Isaac H. Moss, Govanstown, Cut Flowers. 

J. J. Perry, Baltimore, Cut Flowers. 

R. Vincent, Jr., White Marsh, DahUas. 

J. W. Kerr, Denton, Nuts. 

J. Spencer Lapham, Goldsboro, Fruits and Vegetables. 

Samuel L. Byrn, Cambridge, Cantaloupes and Tomatoes. 

Henry Trail, Frederick, Chrysanthemums. 

H. Weber & Sons, Oakland, Display of Cauhflower. 

Sanger Bros., Cordova, Continuous Display of Fruit and Vegetables. 

W. F. Allen, Salisbury, Vegetables and Fruits. 

A. T. GoLDSBOROUGH, Wcsley Heights, D. C, Strawberries. 

J. G. Harrison & Sons, Berlin, Fruits. 

H. Weber & Sons, Oakland, Cut Flowers. 

silver medals. 

Maryland Agricultural College, College Park, Photographs. 

F. C. Bauer, Govanstown, Chrysanthemums. 

C. W. Roe, Easton, Chrysanthemums. 

C. L. Seybold, Baltimore, Cut Flowers. 

W. E. Shockley, Goldsboro, Peaches. 

John S. Barnhart, Denton, Apples and Cantaloupes. 

Miss M. Evans, Rolph's, Kieffer Pears. 

J. S. Harris, Coleman, Apples. 

J. Aikenhead, Easton, Strawberries. 



100 REPORT OF MARTLAXD COMMISSION 

Maryland Agricultural College^ College Park, Collective exhibit 
of Models of Plants and Special Designs of Iron and Wood and Mechanical 
Drawings. 

M. GoLDSBOROUGH, Easton, Vegetables. 

Frank A. White, Easton, Tomatoes. 

E. P. CoHiLL, Hancock, Fruits. 

Miss Ethel M. Willing, Nanticoke, Kieffer Pears. 

F. H. Peters, Snow Hill, Pears. 

Maryland Experiment Station, College Park, Collection of Fruits. 

bronze medals 

R. H. Phelps, Brookh-n, Potatoes. 

Alexander McCormick, Philopohs, Vegetables. 

A. H. Rogers, Shockley, York Imperial Apples. 

Gus Seiler, Baltimore, Tomatoes. 

J. R. Dayis, Woodbine, Fruits and Vegetables. 

J. A. Dayis, Goldsboro, Lucretia Dewberries, 

W. T. Seward, Goldsboro, Strawberries. 

J. L. Scott, Goldsboro, Elberta Peaches. 

George Morrison, Baltimore, Palms and Crotons. 

GiBBs Preserving Company, Baltimore, Canned and Preserved Fruits 
and Vegetables. 

Mrs. K. N. Hardcastle, Denton, Preserved Cantaloupes and Pears. 

Martin Wagner & Co., Baltimore, Preserved Fruits, Vegetables and 
Oysters. 

J. Ober, Goldsboro, Tomatoes. 

W. Sapp, Goldsboro, Potatoes. 

Miss D. E. Kelley, Preston, Fruits and Vegetables. 

W. F. ZiEGLER, Henderson, Elberta Peaches. 

E. E. Brown, Calvert, Vegetables. 

J. H. McCaulley, Leeds, Sweet Potatoes. 

W. W. CoBEY, Gra}i:on, Wine Sap Apples. 

J. B. Andrews, Hurlock, Watermelons. 

L. N. CoRKRAN, Rhodesdale, Cantaloupes. 

W. McCuLLOH Brown, Oakland, Apples. 

C. C. Brown, Chestertown, Bartlett Pears. 

R. Bentley Thomas, Sandy Spring, Apples. 

E. P. Thomas, Ednor, Fruits and Vegetables. 

F. A. Sellman, Beltsville, Cabbage. 

H. A. Drury, McKendree, York Imperial Apples. 

F. E. Matthews, Pocomoke City, Fruits and Vegetables. 

Dr. Charles Lowndes, Easton, Fruits and Vegetables. 



JAMESTOWN TER-CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 101 

Mrs. Mary R. Thompson, Easton, Japanese Plums. 

Robert Symons, Easton, Apples. 

J. P. Blessing, Brownsville, Vegetables and Fruits. 

C. D. Sprecker, Hagerstown, Vegetables. 

Aaron Newcomer, Smithsburg, Apples. 

A. L. TowsoN, Smithsburg, Fruits. 

S. B. Loose, Edgemont, Peaches. 

J. A. NicoDEMus, Edgemont, Grapes and Plums. 

J. W. Hall, Marion Station, Strawberries. 

THE SHELL FISH EXHIBIT. 

Included in the space of the horticultural exhibit in the States Exhibit 
Building was the exhibit of the Shell Fish Commission showing the oyster 
interests of Maryland. While this space was small the exhibit was one 
of the best in the exposition and to it was awarded a gold medal. It was 
collected and installed under the direction of Dr. Caswell Grave, secretary 
of the Shell Fish Commission, and it was made possible by the public 
spirit of Dr. Grave, Mr. Walter J. Mitchell and Mr. Benjamin K. Green. 
Owing to the hmitations of space it was necessary to place many of the 
charts too high above the floor and some of them were missed by visitors. 
But the quality of the exhibit was so excellent that it made a very strong 
impression. The following is a list of the exhibits: 

1. A glass case containing: (a) Three large oysters dissected to show 
the structure of the oyster; (6) a cluster of oysters illustrating the effect of 
soft muddy bottoms upon the growth of oysters; (c) a series of specimens 
taken from hard bottoms showing oysters of different sizes and ages; 
{d) some of the enemies of the oyster. 

2. Five framed diagrams, 3 by 3 feet, showing the average number 
of small and large oysters per square yard on: (a and b) Hackett Point 
Bar, Anne Arundel County; (c) Tolly Point Bar, Anne Arundel County; 
(d) Bay Shore Bar, Anne Arundel County; (e) Outer Magothy Bar, Anne 
Arundel county. 

3. A large oil painting, 5 by 4 feet, showing the equipment for and the 
method of conducting the survey of the oyster grounds. 

4. Two framed ''boat sheets" showing the results of the survey of the 
oyster grounds in: (a) Herring Bay, Anne Arundel County; (6) South 
River, Anne Arundel County. 

5. Two framed "smooth projections" showing the natural oysters bars 
in: (a) Herring Bay, Anne Arundel County; (b) South River, Anne Arun- 
del County. 

6. Five framed charts published by the Coast and (Jecnletie Survey 
showing the results of the survey of Anne Aruntlel couut y waters. 



102 REPORT OF MARYLAND COMMISSION 

7. One concrete '^monument" such as is used by the Coast and Geo- 
detic Survey to mark the location of the '^ Shore Signals." 

8. One "buoy" and '^ sinker" such as used by the Shell Fish Commis- 
sion to mark the corners of the natural oyster bars. 

This exhibit was removed to Annapolis for permanent preservation. 



Chapter XI. 

EXHIBIT IN THE MINES BUILDING. 

By Edward B. Mathews. 
Assistant State Geologist. 

The exhibit of the Maryland Commission in the Mines Building was 
installed under the direction of Professor William Bullock Clark, superin- 
tendent of the State Geological Survey, who has so successfully assisted 
former commissions in their efforts to represent the mineral resources of 
the state. Owing to the fact that the exhibit which had been prepared 
for the St. Louis Exposition had been installed in a permanent form in the 
old house of delegates at Annapohs and could not therefore serve as a 
nucleus for an extensive display of the actual materials at Jamestown, 
it was decided to make no attempt to bring together an exhibit of this 
character. In its stead plans were made for exhibiting the various sources 
of information regarding the mineral resources of the state and to show the 
character and extent of the work now being done by the State Geological 
Survey in their exploitation. 

The space secured for the Maryland exhibit was particularly appropriate 
for displays of this kind, as the place assigned was immediately adjoining 
the information bureau of the Mines Building near the entrance facing the 
Lee Parade. The Maryland exhibit was thus in harmony with its next 
neighbor and one of the first exhibits to be examined by the visitor in pass- 
ing through the building. 

The booth was tastily decorated and its walls were covered with maps 
illustrating the various phases of activity of the State Geological Survey 
which served to arrest the attention of the passerby. The entrance was 
arched in such a way as to show that the exhibit was that of the state of 
Maryland. 

The exhibit displayed included three tj^pes of material illustrating the 
natural resources of the state. Immediately in the foreground were large 
models of Baltimore and vicinity and of the coal regions of Western ^lary- 
land which enabled the visitor to gain at a glance a comprehensive impres- 
sion of the characteristic topography of these well-known regions. Back of 
the models were shown the many volumes of the Maryland Geological 
Survey reports while on the walls were maps showing the state ami several 
of her counties. 



104 REPORT OF MARYLAND COMMISSION 

Publications. The publications of the Maryland Geological Survey as 
exhibited were classed in four general divisions, general reports, systematic 
reports, county reports, and special reports. 

The General Reports, consisting of a numbered series of volumes, each of 
which contains several special monographic studies embracing bibhography, 
cartography, physiography, economic geology, road engineering, and other 
subjects. In one volume those who stopped to examine might find inter- 
esting and instructive historical accounts of the investigations concerning 
the physical features and natural resources of the state which have been 
made from time to time during the centuries since John Smith first explored 
the state and sent back specimens of the minerals and clays to Europe. 
Another volume contains a description of the methods employed in making 
the large scale maps of the state and an account of the old maps made dur- 
ing colonial and subsequent times to represent the increasing knowledge 
regarding the state. The illustrations in this report run back to the begin- 
ning of the sixteenth century and include the interesting map of Virginia 
made by John Smith and that of Maryland made by Augustine Herrmann 
more than half a century later. Another of the general reports includes 
an excellent summary of our present knowledge regarding the physical 
features of the state, incorporating the results of ten years of investigation 
by the members of the Geological Survey. 

Through these general reports are numerous comprehensive papers 
dealing with the highways of the state from the days when their location 
was marked by notched trees to the report on the latest work of state high- 
way construction under the direction of the Maryland Geological Survey. 
A second series of papers scattered through these general volumes deals with 
the magnetic survey of the state and describes the manner of running 
certain of the boundary lines. From these papers it is sho^n that Mary- 
land has been more thoroughly surveyed magnetically than almost any 
other territory in the world and that this has been necessary to a greater or 
less degree on account of local disturbances in the magnetic readings which 
have occasioned diflB.culties to the local surveyors from the days of the origi- 
nal colonists down to the present. 

The report on the building stones, after a discussion of the properties 
essential to good structural materials, traces the development of the quarry- 
ing industry in Maryland. Each type of building stones — granites, mar- 
bles, sandstones, slate — is tested and valuable information is given regard- 
ing the properties, quantity, and location of the Maryland deposits. The 
coal report gives an exhaustive discussion of the coal deposits of the western 
part of the state. Each of the many recognized coal beds is taken up and 
the area, extent, thickness, purity, and heat-producing properties of each 
-are given in detail. The clays of the state are similarly discussed. 

These three reports describing the chief mineral resources of the central, 



JAMESTOWN TER-CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 105 

western, and eastern portions of the state serve as an excellent representa- 
tion of the natural wealth of Maryland to the thoughtful visitor who takes 
time to examine the different exhibits. 

The Systematic Reports, constituting the second class of pubHcations, 
contain monographic studies of the chief divisions of the geological forma- 
tions found within the state. These treat of the stratigraphy and the fossil 
contents of the formations under discussion and are of very great value 
and interest to the students of the subjects treated. They are of equal 
value as an evidence of the thoroughness and scientific accuracy which 
underlie the more general reports as they show that what appears to 
be popular discussions are based upon careful work involving scientific 
accuracy. 

The County Reports exhibited among the publications have a less general 
interest with a correspondingly increased local value. These contain detail 
discussions of the physiography, geology, mineral resources, soils, cHmate, 
hydrography, terrestrial magnetism and forests of each of the counties 
treated. The illustrations are numerous and give an excellent idea of the 
surroundings to be found by a prospective settler in any part of the state. 

The Special Publications displayed have been issued from time to time 
by the Geological Survey in connection with special fines of work more or 
less remotely related to the general field of its activity. 

Maps. On the walls were displayed a few maps illustrative of the many 
which are available for elucidating the physical features of the region de- 
picted. The most interesting of the maps shown was the large new state 
map in colors which had just been issued by the Maryland Geological 
Survey and which is on a scale of three miles to the inch, the three sheets of 
which it is made covering an area of nearly 30 square feet. The method 
employed in the preparation of this map has made it possible to represent 
with clearness and accuracy practically all of the well-traveled and impor- 
tant roads of the state. These roads are represented with such fidelity 
that one may note many of the minor turns and twists as the roads wind 
around the hills and through the valleys. The scale of the map has per- 
mitted the representation of almost every town and hamlet in the state, 
of which nearly 2500 have been included in the index on the map. By 
means of symbols the index also represents information regarding the 
postal facilities, population, transportation, telegraph, antl express facilities, 
as well as the position of the place on the map. The elevations above 
mean low tide have also been given either exactly or approximately wher- 
ever possible. 

The political boundaries are represented in two ways, the larger divi- 
sions, such as counties, being distinguished by colors and their limits accur- 
ately represented by heavy black lines. The smaller divisions, such as 
election districts, which are subject to more or less frequent change, are 



106 REPORT OF MARYLAND COMMISSION 

outlined, numbered, and named in red. Additional information respect- 
ing the local political di\dsions in Baltimore and the congressional districts 
of the state is given by means of small maps beneath the title. Among 
these small maps are those showing such physical features as the physi- 
ography, geology, annual temperature, and annual precipitation. 

The county maps on the scale of a mile to the inch which occupied the 
rest of the wall space showed by conventional colors the agricultural soils 
and geological formations of the coimties on a base upon which the roads, 
drainage, and also the surface configurations were accurately depicted. 
A large framed, section drawn to scale and appropriately colored, represented 
diagrammatically the various geological formations of the state in the order 
of their superposition from the older gneisses and alhed rocks of the Balti- 
more region up through the limestones of the Great Valley, the limestones 
and shales of Washington and Allegany Counties, the coal measures of Gar- 
rett County and the younger clays, sands, and marls of the coastal plain 
region. 

Scattered about among the larger maps were numerous smaller manu- 
script maps representing the areal distribution of the clays and coals, 
the cement and building stone materials as well as terrestrial magnetism 
and other physical features. The whole cartographic display, represent- 
ing an epitome of the diversified fines of work conducted by the Maryland 
Geological Survey in its efforts to investigate and exploit the many natural 
advantages possessed by the state of Maryland. 

Models. At the center of the exhibit near the entrance were placed two 
large models representing the environs of Baltimore and the coal fields 
of Allegany and Garrett counties, The former on the scale of four miles to 
the inch showed the territory of Baltimore and vicinity with the slopes of 
the hills and the valleys just as they exist in nature, briaguig out the rela- 
tively level surface of a region which, to the traveler, who sees but a httle 
at a time, appears hilly and much incised by valleys and waterways. 
This departure from the usual method used in constructing models, which 
accentuates the minor changes in elevation, gives an entirely new concep- 
tion of the surface configturation of a famifiar region. The beauty of the 
model was further enhanced by the shading of all the wooded areas. The 
model of the coal fields included all of Garrett and Allegany counties on the 
scale of a mile to the inch, the elevations being modeled ia a refief to exagger- 
ate the heights five times. In this way the model represented the rugged 
mountauious country as it appears to the traveler in the region. The loca- 
tion of the different coal-beariag formations were represented in colors so 
that the visitor could see at a glance how the rocks of the region were folded 
in such a way as to bring different coal seams to the surface or to bury them 
deep within the earth. 



I 



« 



Chapter XII. 

MARYLAND EDUCATIONAL EXHIBITS. 

Maryland's educational exhibits were made both in the Maryland Build- 
ing and in the building devoted to education. Some of the institutions 
had exhibits in both buildings. 

The leading exhibit was that of the Johns Hopkins University in the 
Education Building. The exhibit was designed to illustrate certain phases 
of its activity and not to cover its educational work as a whole. 

A considerable part of the exhibit illustrated the scientific study of the 
oyster and oyster culture. With this view, a number of specimens had 
been brought together in one case, showing the oyster in the different stages 
of its existence and the conditions of its natural and artificial propagation. 

Another section displayed by maps, charts, and books the work that 
has been done by the professors of the University in geology, especially in 
connection with the geology of the state of Maryland. 

Another section was made up of the work of the Johns Hopkins Medical 
School and the Johns Hopkins Hospital in pathological, physiological, 
anatomical and medical subjects. 

The publications issued under the auspices of the university were 
also exhibited in detail. Amongst them were the American Journal of 
Mathematics, in 30 volumes; the American Chemical Journal, in 36 vol- 
umes; the Studies in Historical and Political Science, in 48 volumes; the 
University Circular, in 10 volumes; the Modern Language Notes, in 20 vol- 
umes; the Studies from the Biological Laboratory, in 5 volumes; the Journal 
of Experimental Medicine, in 6 volumes; the new edition of the Hebrew 
Bible, in 26 volumes; and a very large number of other publications issued 
by or under the auspices of the University. 

There was also exhibited, as an example of the work in the physical 
laboratory, the spectrum maps made with the concave gratings devised 
by Professor Rowland, specimens of the concave gratings, the ruling machine 
and other items illustrating research in physics. 

Several archaeological items were also displayed, among them, a Baby- 
lonian brick and two papyri, recently exhumed in Eg>7)t. 

An exhibit was also made of the work in botany, especially that portii>n 
of it recently carried on in the West Indies in relation to tropical fruits. 

Another section of the exhibit was devoted to special biological in- 
vestigations on fish, echinoderms, etc. 



108 REPORT OF MARYLAND COMMISSION 

The exhibit included a large number of framed pictures, illustrating the 
scientific and literary activities of the university. 

The Woman's College of Baltimore had several large photographs in 
the Maryland and Baltimore Buildings but its main exhibit was in the Edu- 
cation Building. The space assigned for this exhibit was opposite the 
entrance of the University and College Building facing Lee Parade. It 
occupied the south end of the central quadrangle of the building with the 
University of Virginia at the north end. 

The Woman's College was among the very first of the institutions of 
learning to apply for space and to have its booth and exhibit in order, 
sparing neither pains or expense to make its display the most select and 
representative yet sent to any exposition. 

The exhibit included outlines of the courses of study, panel exhibitions 
of the pubUcations of faculty, alumnae and students, statistics showing the 
development of the institution since its establishment in 1885, plat of 
grounds, plans of existing buildings, exterior and interior views showing 
the equipment of the college and the students at their work and recreation. 

Like most other institutions the Woman's College made a point of the 
exhibition of its historical possessions. One of the most interesting of these 
was indicated by a full size photograph of the old Cokesbury College bell, 
which today assembles the students for chapel as it did more than a century 
since, at Abington, Harford County, Maryland, the seat of the first Methodist 
college in the world. This bell was rung in honor of General Washington 
as he passed Cokesbury College on his journey along the old Philadelphia 
road to be inaugurated first president of the United States. A replica of 
this historic bell appears twice on the silver service presented to the U. S. 
battleship Maryland. 

A large panel occupying a prominent place in the exhibit directed 
attention to the achievements of two distinguished Maryland ers, as natural- 
ists, the renowned painters Charles Wilson Peale and his son Rembrandt. 
The center piece was a large photograph of Charles Wilson Peale's painting 
'The Exhuming of the First Mastodon" lately loaned to the college museum 
by its present owner, Mrs. Harry White. The centenary unveifing of this 
historic canvas took place at the college in April, 1907. 

It should be further stated that two mastodons were exhumed by the 
Peales near Newburg, N. Y., the scene which the painting so vividly com- 
memorates. One of these was brought to Baltimore and became the nucleus 
of " Rembrandt Peale's Museum." This building is still standing on HolU- 
day Street and is shown in the panel. The other mastodon became the 
nucleus of Peale's Philadelphia Museum — these two being the first public 
institutions of their kind in this country. To these two Marylanders, 
therefore, belongs the honor of the Nestorship, not only of American paint- 
ing with which they are already accredited, but of American museums 



JAMESTOWN TER-CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 109 

as well. The care ^dth which the Baltimore niastodon was restored was 
shown by a photograph after a drawing by Alfred Miller furnished by 
courtesy of the Maryland Historical Society. Another photograph of the 
panel from a painting by the elder Peale, afforded a ghmpse of the mounted 
mastodon in the Philadelphia Museum and further evidence of the scientific 
knowledge of anatomy, skillful manipulation and enthusiastic interest 
which the father and son put into these first achievements of their kind in 
this country. They were virtually the Nestors of American vertebrate 
paleontology as well as of American art and pubhc museums. 

During the greater part of the time the Woman's Collegebooth was under 
the direct supervision of one of the college students or alumnae as hostess, 
by whom it was made a delightful rendezvous for the visiting students and 
their friends. The booth itself was so designed as to harmonize with the 
colonial architecture of the exposition. Between the two central columns, 
beneath the "blue and gold" and ''or and sable" of the college and state 
banners hung two six-foot panoramic views of the college grounds and 
buildings, while smaller panoramas of tennis tournaments, athletic functions 
and outings on the Chesapeake gave a picturesque idea of the surroundings 
and outdoor life of the college. 

The Jacob Tome Institute had several beautiful photographs in the 
Maryland Building and one of the finest exhibits of the exposition in the 
Education Building. By photograph and literature the beauty of this 
school's location and its advantages were effectively presented. The school 
is located on a sightly bluff overlooking the Susquehanna, and three hun- 
dred feet below Hes the picturesque town of Port Deposit, Maryland. 
Nearly two hundred acres constitute the grounds upon which the campus 
and the magnificent buildings of the school are erected. Most lavish has 
been the expenditure of money to beautify the grounds by means of Italian 
gardens, winding roads and artistic shrubbery. The buildings are all of 
stone and designed by the foremost architects in the country. The equip- 
ment, both of the school proper and of the dormitories, is unequaled by 
that of any secondary school in the east. The course of study includes eight 
years of work; two of elementary grade, four of high school and prepara- 
tory work, and two of collegiate grade. Many noted gifts have been made 
to colleges and universities but the noteworthy endowments given to sec- 
ondary schools are few. Of these Mr. Tome's gift of three millions is 
easily first. 

The Charlotte Hall School was represented in the Maryland Building by 
many photographs. This institution is one of the oldest in the state and 
is under the direction of Major George M. Thomas. It has ninety students 
and five teachers. The state of Maryland maintains twenty-seven scholar- 
ships, including board and tuition, one for each of the counties and each 



110 REPORT OF MARYLAND COMMISSION 

of the legislative districts of Baltimore. With the pictures of the school 
in the Maryland Building was the following historical sketch: 

Charlotte Hall School is said to have been named in honor of Queen Charlotte,, wife 
of George III. 

It is one of the oldest schools in Marjdand and is replete with historic interest. Its 
origin dates back to the Free Schools estabhshed in 1723. and is best explained by the 
Act of Incorporation passed in 1774, which reads, in part, as follows: 

''Whereas it is represented to this General Assembly, by Sundrj% the inhabitants of 
Saint Mary's, Charles and Prince George's Counties, that the Free Schools in the said 
Counties do not separately aflFord a sufficient encouragement for proper masters, and 
that, in order to have the lands and houses of the said schools sold, and one school 
erected at the place commonly called the Cool Springs, in Saint Marsh's County, and the 
fimds consohdated into one; and, to further the completion of so laudable an institution, 
sundry persons have subscribed large sums of money, and have prayed that an Act 
might pass for that purpose; 

"Be it enacted, by the right honourable the Lord Proprietary, by and with the 
ad^'ice and consent of his Governor, and the Upper and Lower Houses of Assembly, and 
the authority of the same, That as soon as may be after the end of this present session 
of Assembly, there shall be erected one school for the said Counties of Saint Marj-'s, 
Charles and Prince George's, at the place aforesaid, called the Cool Springs, in Saint 
Mary's County, which shall be called by the name of Charlotte Hall." 

The site of the school was wisely selected on account of its healthfulness, excellent 
water, and quiet surroundings. The place was known in colonial times as the "Cool 
Springs" or "Fountains of Heahng Water,'" and was set apart by Act of Assembly, as a 
health resort, as early as 1698. Dr. J. HaU Pleasants of the Johns Hopkins University, 
in a lecture before the Historical Club, says: "In the Cool Springs of Saint Marj^'s, 
Maryland may lay claim to more than a mere hospital; and its estabhshment in 1698 
really marks the foundation of what was probably also the first Sanitarium in the 
Colonies." 

The government of the school was vested in a president and twenty-one trustees, 
aU of whom are notable men, including His Excellency Robert Eden, Governor of Mary- 
land; Gen. WiUiam SmaUwood of R evolutionary* fame; Dr. James Craik, Washington's 
physician; and the Hon. Benedict Calvert. 

The Board of Trustees held their first meeting July 1, 1774; but they did not meet 
again imtil July 7, 1782. This lapse of eight years was presumably due to the Revolu- 
tionary War. 

The School was opened January 1, 1797, under Rev. Hatch Dent as Principal; and 
it enjoys the pecuhar honor of ha^'ing continued its good work, without a break, from 
that day to the present, through all the trials and ^-icissitudes of a century. 

Up to the Ci^il War, Charlotte Hall was the principal seat of learning for Southern 
Maryland, to which the leading famihes of the State naturally turned for the education 
of their sons. 

Many distinguished names adorn her roster, both as Trustees and Students: Roger B. 
Taney, Chief Justice of the U. S.; Rt. Rev. Thomas J. Claggett, the first Bishop conse- 
crated on American soil; Capt. Raphael Semmes of the Confederate NaA-y; Hon. Edward 
Bates, Attorney General of the L'. S.; Hon. Clement Dorsey. eminent Jtirist and Member 
of Congress; Hon. Benjamin G. Harris, Member of Congress; Governors Bowie, Kent, 
Ogle, and Thomas, with a host of others far-famed in song and storj'. 

As an educational institution, Charlotte HaU has rendered a noble service, beyond 
the reckoning of figures or the measure of gold. In her green old age. she has lost none 



L 



JAMESTOWN TER-CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 111 

of the pristine vigor of her youth. With head erect and firm elastic step, she is still 
marching on in the van of progress, honored by all friends of learning, and fondly 
cherished by her Alumni scattered, though they be, in all quarters of the globe. 

Western Maryland College was portrayed in many photographs show- 
ing both the buildings and the college life. This college is dehghtfuUy 
located at Westminster, Maryland, the comity-seat of Carroll County, 
an hour's ride out from Baltimore on the picturesque Western Maryland 
Railroad. Looking about from its commanding eminence you see spread 
out in every direction a panorama of natural scenery that is wonderfully 
beautiful. To the north about thirty miles away, may be seen the ''Round- 
Tops" of Gettysburg, and in the west the Blue Ridge mountains. The 
httle city of its location, one of the thriftiest in the state, about 1000 feet 
above tidewater, enjoys all the modern improvements of good streets, 
electric Hghts and pure water. 

W^estern Maryland College was founded in 1867. Reverend J. T. Ward, 
D.D., was its first president and he was succeeded in 1886 by Reverend 
Thomas Hamilton Lewis, D.D., LL.D., the present incumbent. It is 
under the special patronage of the Methodist Protestant Church and while 
it exacts no reUgious tests of its faculty or students and does not seek any 
denominational control, it is distinctively a Christian college. It was the 
first college east of Ohio to adopt the home as its model in making up its 
roll. It led the way in that form of co-education which is co-equal but 
not co-incident. While it offered a curriculum as exacting as an}^ college 
in the state, it saw no reason why it should refuse to take young women on 
equal footing with young men. 

The state of Maryland recognized it as one of its important agents for 
higher culture by founding in 1879 a number of free scholarships for those 
intending to enter the service of the state in the profession of teaching. 
It has educated in all over three thousand persons and has graduated over 
six hundred men and women with the degree of bachelor of arts. 

Students are strictly classified into freshman, sophomore, junior and 
senior years and must rise from one grade to the next by making a required 
average in all the studies of the year. In the first two years the principal 
studies are; English, mathematics, Latin, Greek, French, German, history 
and elocution. In the last two years students elect from one of three 
groups; the classical group which gives the greatest attention to Latin 
and Greek literature; the scientific group suited to those who have in view 
some profession in the sciences; and the historical group which ofTers a 
wide course in history and politics. 

The large and well-adapted buildings are fitted up with the best modern 
appliances. A science hall affords excellent laboratory facilities in chem- 
istry, physics and biology, and an observatory with revolving dome houses 
a fine equatorially mounted telescope. A large library, selected with special 



112 REPORT OF MARYLAND COMMISSION 

reference to the needs of the college students, with a librarian in charge, is 
open daily and a spacious gj^mnasium with director is provided. 

Western Maryland College has the largest faculty attached to any college 
in the state, but in addition to this enlarges the scope of its instruction by 
frequently calling distinguished men from other institutions and in all 
walks of hfe to lecture before its students. 

The exhibit of the Woman's College of Frederick was in the Maryland 
Building. It consisted of a wall cabinet containing sixteen swinging frames 
on which were mounted photographs representing buildings, grounds, 
interiors of offices, recitation rooms, library, laboratories, gymnasium, 
auditorium and groups of students and teachers; also work of the institu- 
tion in various Hues as far as can be shown pictorially. The contents of 
the exhibit were particularly interesting as showing the arrangement and 
equipment of the college. 

The chief interest of this exhibit attached to its preparation which was 
done entirely within the institution, under the direction of the teacher of 
science. The general selection of subjects, and the taking, developing, 
finishing and mounting of the photographs were all done in this manner. 
A departure from usual methods was the mounting of these photographs, 
the prints being first mounted on bevel-edged cards and then in turn on the 
large cards of the frames. 

The lesson taught by the exhibit was chiefly what can be accompHshed 
by a small college at comparatively small cost by relying upon its own 
resources. 

The college dates its history as a college from 1893, at which time the 
foundation laid by the Frederick Female Seminary fifty years earlier was 
expanded and the present superstructm^e planned. Its two original build- 
ings have increased to five; its equipment in corresponding manner; its 
entrance requirements have been made to conform to those of the college 
entrance examination board, and its courses of instruction brought to the 
standard of college work proper. An endowment fund has been raised 
and receives accessions from time to time. The affihated schools of music, 
art and expression have grown in corresponding measure and now offer 
superior advantages to serious students in these fines. 

With all of this growth the coUege still preserves the distinctive charac- 
teristics of the small college, not so much in the matter of limited numbers, 
as in the personal interest taken in every student. 

The exhibit shown at the Jamestown Exposition by the Woman's Col- 
lege of Frederick was, mth certain modifications and expansion, similar to 
those sent to the Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo, the South Carofina 
Interstate Exposition at Charleston, and the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 
at St. Louis, At each of these expositions the bronze medal was awarded. 

One of the handsomest photographs in the Maryland Building showed 



JAMESTOWN TER-CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 113 

the Maryland School for the BUnd, which is located on North Avenue, 
Baltimore. This school is one of the finest institutions of its kind in the 
world, and the picture of it attracted much attention. The superintend- 
ent is Mr. John F. Bledsoe. 

The educational interests of Baltimore wished to make large displays 
in the Maryland Building but the Umitations of space prevented some of 
them. The Maryland Institute desired an entire room but unfortunately 
this could not be provided. The Charcoal Club offered to furnish one of 
the apartments but the pressure of exhibits from different parts of the state 
made it impossible for the commission to give to any one organization any 
special privileges. These offers, however, were warmly appreciated and 
the officers personally rendered much assistance to the commission. 

The Baltimore school commissioners wished to make a striking dis- 
play of the city's public school system but finding that they could not 
secure all the space they required in the Maryland Building they made their 
larger exhibit in the Baltimore Building. However, in the Maryland Build- 
ing they had three handsome photographs showing the Eastern Female 
High School, the Western Female High School and the Baltimore City 
College. These illustrations of the leading buildings of the pubUc school 
system received much attention and called forth cordial praises for Balti- 
more's work in education. 

Thus in the Maryland Building were exhibited the colleges and the 
public school system mth the work of the manual training schools and with 
the productions of the higher arts. This carried out the plan of the com- 
mission for an historical exhibit on educational lines. 



Chapter XIII. 

MARYLAND BRANCH OF THE COLONIAL DAME^— THE 
M.INOR HOUSES OF M_ARYL.\ND. 

The National Society of The Colonial Dames of America at the counci 
of 1906 passed a resolution that each state society forming the association 
should endeavor to send to the Jamestown Exposition a collection of ex- 
hibits (portraits, rehcs, etc.) illustrating the history of that state. Chairmen 
were appointed to arrange these collections, and ]Mrs. William Reed was 
named for Maryland. 

It was designed by the Maryland Society to make this collection chrono- 
logically perfect; as far as possible, and the consent of owners of valuable 
pictures was obtained to allow their portraits to be sent to the exposition, 
but the delay in finishing the History Building, the imcertainty of safety 
in transportation, and the entire lack of proper supervision and protec- 
tion for exhibits decided the committee against sending some of the larger 
and most valuable examples, namely: Queen Ann, by Sir Godfrey Kneller, 
Queen Henrietta Maria, by Van Dyke and many other illustrative por- 
traits, as well as specimens of silver and porcelain and beautiful miniatures. 

The collection was very interesting and valuable and its success was 
due to the experience, activity and ability of ^Irs. Reed, who had won 
high honor for her work at other expositions. ^Irs. Reed was most ably 
assisted by IMrs. Albert L. Sioussatt both in collecting and placing the 
exhibits. The committee was also indebted to many of the citizens of the 
city and state for their generous cooperation. The funds necessary for this 
exhibit were given by the Maryland Society of the Colonial Dames of 
America and some individual members. The exhibit was awarded the 
gold medal from the Jamestown Exposition Company. The following 
was the list of exhibits: 

R-AJXTIXGS. 

Portrait of the Honorable Benedict Calvert. 1788, Judge of the Land 
Office; Member of Council, 1770-74; Collector of His Ma;e=:7'5 C^jstomsfor 
the District of Patuxent, 1748-76. 

Portrait of EHzabeth, wife of Honorable Benedict Calvert and daughter 
of Governor Charles Calvert (ensign in his Majesty's First Regiment of Foot 
Guards, 1709: Lieutenant and Captain, 170S: Governor of Mar^dand. 
1720-27). 

Loaned bv Mrs. Charles Baltimore Calvert. 



JAMESTOWN TER-CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 115 

Oil copy of portrait (after Pine) of Mrs. John Eager Howard and son, 
1789. 

Copy of portrait of Dorothy Blake Carroll, wife of Charles Carroll, of 
Ely O'Carroll, mother of Charles Carroll, Barrister, 1722. 

Copy of portrait of Charles Carroll, Barrister, 1769, 

Loaned by Miss Florence Mackubin. 

Portrait of Mrs. Charles Ridgely, wife of Governor Charles Ridgely, 
of Hampton, Md. 

Portrait of Mrs. Harry Dorsey Gough (nee Ridgely). 

Quaint old painting of Perry Hall, the beautiful colonial manison and 
country-seat of Mr. and Mrs. Harry Dorsey Gough, and known as the 
" Cradle of the Methodist Episcopal Church of America. Here, on Christ- 
mas Eve, 1784, the Historic Company of Preachers met, Francis Asbury, 
(first Methodist Bishop of America), Dr. Thomas Coke of Oxford and others, 
and outlined the organization of the Church." 

Loaned by Mrs. E. S. Beall. 

Copy of portrait (after Van Dyke) of Charles I of England, who granted 
the charter of Maryland to Lord Baltimore, 1634. 

Miniature (after James Peale) of James Mackubin, 1780. 

Loaned by Miss F. Mackubin. 

Portrait of Leonard Calvert, First Governor of the Province of Maryland, 
1634-1647; loaned by Mr. H. Mason Raborg. This portrait was never 
shown in Maryland before and was the orginal painting given by His Ex- 
cellency, Governor Leonard Calvert to his friend, Margaret Brent. 

A quaint old oil painting of Baltimore Town, 1752. 

Loaned by Dr. Eldridge Price. 

Portrait of Gunning Bedford (James Peale), 1720-1802; father of Judge 
Gunning Bedford, one of the framers of the Constitution, and descendant 
of William Bedford, who landed at "James Citty" 16-. 

Loaned by Mrs. Wm. Reed. 

Miniature (copy) of Ellin North, the first white child born in Baltimore. 

Loaned by Miss H. F. Poultney. 

Miniature of Charles Carroll of Homewood; miniature of Thos. Sim Lee; 
St. Memin print of Charles Carroll of Homewood. 

Loaned through Miss E. L. Dorsey. 

Ten St. Memin Prints. 

Jacob Kennedy, Va.; Governor Clinton, N. Y., Lady CUnton, N. Y.; 
St. George Tucker, Va.; John Coles, Va.; Simeon Baldwin, Conn.; James 
McHenry, Md.; General Samuel Smith, Md.; Samuel Stcrritt, Md.; John 
Drayton, S. C. 

L(Kvned by Mr. Wm. Mozart Hay den. 



116 EEPORT OF MARYLAND COMMISSION 

A painted Watteau fan, presented by General Washington to Mrs. 
Honor Dorsey of ^'Elioak." 1 silver salt cellar, 1738; 1 silver coffee 
spoon, 1745; 1 silver marrow spoon, 1599; 1 old bracelet set with Amster- 
dam cut stones, 1647; 1 deed of portion of Wardrop, 1705, signed by 
Charles Carroll, Chas. Greenberry, John Baldwin and Josiah Wilson. 

Loaned by Miss Ella Loraine Dorsey. 

One silver waiter, 1 silver punch ladle, 1 old Mosaic rehc, 6 soft paste hand 
painted plates, 1 book belonging to Calvert family, 1 lace veil, water color 
of old Annapohs, water color of Strawberry Hill, 1 genealogical chart of 
Calvert family, 2 birth certificates. 

Loaned by Mrs. Chas. Baltimore Calvert. 

Old document of Isaac Clare, 1762. Loaned by Mrs. S. S. Mackall. 

Copy of old seals on patents for Greenwood, 1725-46; seal brought from 
England by Governor Stone, 1648. Drawing made by Miss Mary Dorsey 
Davis. 

Letter of Charles Carroll of Carrollton; commission in navy to Michael 
Brown Carroll, signedby Thomas Jefferson; medal given to Lieut. Michael 
Brown Carroll of The Siren. 

Loaned by Mrs. F. H. Darnall. 

Copy of map made by Augustine Herrman of Maryland and Virginia, 
1670. Old embroidered needlebook owned b}^ Dorcas Sedgwick, mother of 
Governor Johnson. Colored photos of portraits of Governor Johnson and 
family. 

Loaned by Mrs. Henry W. Rogers. 

Three brocade dresses worn by Miss Hanna Mandier, 1774; Silver tea 
caddy and waiter, with Lloyd crest, 1 black lace veil worn by Mrs. Andrew 
Buchanan, 1777 ; 1 Wedgewood plate, with coat of arms of Richard Bennett 
Lloyd. 1 Wedgewood plate with coat of arms of Edward Lloyd, 1750. 

Loaned by Miss E. L. Pennington. 

Antique set of amethysts; Jewel box of carved cocoanut, mounted 
with silver, 1750; Old plated wine strainer; Parchment deed of property 
owned by WilHam Buchanan, 1762. 

Loaned by Mr. Chas. B. Tierman. 

Two brocade dresses, imported by James Buchanan and Charles Carroll 
of Carrollton for Mary and Ann Cook, (1750) to whom they were respec- 
tively engaged to be married. Ann died before her marriage and both 
dresses were given to Mary, who became Mrs. James Buchanan. Em- 
broidered sampler by Polly Hollings worth. India musHn scarf. Silver 
spoons and sugar tongs. Colonial money. Baby's embroidered cap. 
Carved sailor's ring. Parchment deed etc. 

Loaned through Mrs. Wm. T. Hamilton. 

Brass door knocker from house in which Archbishop Carroll was born, 
in Upper Marlboro, Prince George's County, 1735. 

Loaned by Mrs. A. T. Brooke. 



JAMESTOWN TER-CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 117 

Old iron sword found about fifty years ago, entangled in the root of a 
large oak tree which was blown down The tree grew on the field of Brad- 
dock's defeat; Battle of Duquesne, July 9, 1755. 

Loaned by Mrs. Alan P. Smith. 
Old French sword picked up on battlefield of '^ The Heights of Abraham" 
(Canada) ; battle fought September 13, 1759. 

Old book of sermons by Christopher Love, who was executed on August 
22, 1651, by order of Ohver Cromwell. 

Book printed by Ann Catherine Green and Son, Annapohs, 1774. 
Impression taken from the original Maryland Seal (1648) ; this seal was 
mislaid for 100 years, having fallen behind the shelf in the safe. 

Loaned by Col. Wm. H. Love. 
Miniatures of Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette, The Dauphin and the 
Duchess d'Angouleme, Miniature of unknown lady, St. Memin of Mr. 
Ridgely. 

Loaned by Mrs. Edward Simpson. 
Copy of genealogical chart of Asfordby family, 1652 (taken from original 
parchment), the ancestors of the Beatty family of Maryland. 

Loaned by Mr. Leander H. Crawl. 
Wedgewood plate, coat of arms of Samuel Chase. 

Loaned by Colonial Dames. 
Silver tea caddy, old lace and miniatures of Mr. Winn and Mr. Carroll. 
China plate, blue and white mug, small jug of porcelain and cup and saucer, 
blue and white and gold; china brought from England before the Revolu- 
tion by Mr. Harry Dorsey Gough. 

Loaned by Miss Winn and Mrs. Beall. 
Old black silk clerical coat worn by the Rev. David Telfair, 1760. 

Loaned by the Misses McKim. 
Family Bible of the Rev. David Telfair, 1765. 

Loaned by Mrs. Wm. Reed. 
Old brocade dress, green and white, worn by Mrs. Chas. Young, daughter 
of Gunning Bedford, 1762. 

Loaned by Mrs. Wm. Reed. 

Pair of gold and topaz bracelets, 1656, very beautiful in design, worn 

by EUzabeth Barber, wife of Lieutenant-Governor Barber. They were also 

worn by Catherine Taylor at the ball given to Lafayette. One fell off, 

and General Washington picked it up and clasped it upon her arm. 

One silver ladle, 1745, owned by Edward Watson, Earl of Rocknighnm, 
who married Anne, eldest daughter of Thomas Wentworth, first Earl of 
Strafford. 

Loaned by Mrs. J. D. Iglohart. 
Two pewter plates with Gough crest. 

Loaned by Mrs. J. Holmes Whiteley. 



118 REPORT OF MARYLAND COMMISSION 

Miniature of William Buchanan. 

Loaned by Miss Esther Buchanan. 
Print of Pocahontas from first edition of Capt. John Smith's History. 
The frame is made of wood from the first building of Wilham and Mary 
College, which was burned. 

Loaned by Mrs. Alex. B. Randall. 
Silver tankard, belonging to Nicholas Mackubin, 1730. 

Loaned by Miss F. Mackubin. 
Colonial fan, belonged to Mrs. Jerdone. Medal voted by congress to 
General John Eager Howard, Battle of Cowpens. 

Ivory mounted dagger, owned by Garrett van Swearingen, 1684, and 
made in Holland 1494. 

Loaned through Mrs. Albert L. Sioussat. 

Photograph of original copy of ''Star Spangled Banner"; also copy of first 

printed copy, which was sold in ballad form on the streets of Baltimore, 

two days after the Battle of North Point. Photos of Wye House. St. 

Memin print of Judge J. H. Nicholson. 

Loaned by Mrs. Edward Shippen. 
Copy of original ''Declaration'' at Harford Town. 

Loaned b}' Samuel W. Bradford. 
Twelve colored photographs of old Maryland manor houses; arranged 
by Mrs. Albert L. Sioussat. 

Of them Mrs. Sioussat, in kind response to the request of the Maryland 
Commission, wrote as follows: 

The Manor Houses of Maryland. 

The series of Manor House pictures was prepared in response to a request for some 
exhibit which would, in this year of commemoration, perpetuate some of the houses 
showing the early life of the Maryland Colony. 

Perhaps the most typical of these was St. Clement's Manor embracing St. Clement's 
Island, now known as Blakiston's where the first landing was made by Governor Calvert. 
The patent for this princely grant was given to Thomas Gerard, Esquire, in 1639. In 
the partition of the estate, Bushwood, on the Wicomico, was given to his daughter and 
son-in-law, Robert Slye, and is the only one of which the records of Court Lett and 
Court Baron have been preserved and the quaint summons to everyone who had offended 
against the manorial rights, whether it were the highest dignitary or the tributary 
Indian or the host who had harbored (as guests) strangers in the community; aU these 
are glimpses of the past and not to be found elsewhere. It is also the only Manor on 
which provision was made for worship of Roman Catholic and Protestant, Gerard having 
built the little chapel for his wife, a member of the Church of England, while from the 
domestical chapel, which marked the second view of Bushwood, mass was said for the 
Roman Catholic community far and near. 

Another and more dramatic scene was enacted when in the same council chamber the 
rebellion of Josias Fendall was proclaimed at the sitting of the council in 1659. The 
exquisite stair case carved from solid mahogany, extends into a square^balustrade in 
the council chamber above. 



JAMESTOWN TER-CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 119 

A near-by neighbor was the Httle hunting lodge of Bachelors' Hope on Bashford 
Manor, patent 1650, and from which later on Mrs. Joshua Doyne received a visit from 
Lady Baltimore. 

On the road from these Manors one finds the beautiful old estate of Deep Falls, built 
by Major William Thomas in 1745, restored by the Hon. James Walter Thomas, and one 
of the few still retained in the family of the original owners. 

We come across country to Porto Bello, now the property of Mr. Hyatt, at the 
edge of West St. Mary's, patented to Henry Fleet in 1634, granted to Cornwalhs in 
1640. In its subdivision WiUiam Hebb took up this tract and according to agreement 
with his fellow-midshipmen in the royal navy, Lawrence Washington and Edwin Coad, 
named it for one of the stragetic points in Admiral Vernon's expedition against Car- 
thagena. Carthagena Point near by and Mt. Vernon on the Potomac in the colony 
of Virginia bearing two other names most intimately connected with the campaign. 

Coming up from Point Lookout, the Proprietary Manors of Trinity and St. Gabriel 
are found and the primitive little house on Trinity Manor marks one among those 
(Trinity) patented to Governor Leonard Calvert, 1639. 

Higher up is Calvert Rest on Calvert Bay from which the secretary of the Province, 
Colonel William Calvert, son and heir of Governor Leonard Calvert, issued many of his 
ofl&cial records. The date of 1670 was plainly visible on the old brick gable end before 
the last coat of pink wash was bestowed upon it by one of the later owners. 

Coming up the St. Mary's River is St. EHzabeth's Manor patented to Captain Thomas 
Cornwallis, 1639, and of which the survival today is the quaint old house of Jutland. 

Still further up on the River is the Manor of St. Inigoes, of which the patent was 
taken by Thomas Copley, Esquire, 1638. The Manor House with its quaint chateau- 
like effect, was built in 1705 when the chapel at St. Mary's was taken from the Jesuits 
and removed by them to the manor land and from the bricks of which this building was 
erected. It also formed one of the boundaries of defense against the Indian attacks. 

Nearing St. Mary's City we reach Cornwaleys Cross, patented to Captain Thomas 
Cornwalhs, 1639, and upon which he built him a brick house of generous proportions 
and from which during Ingle's raid large stores of plate, jewelry and valuable household 
stuff were carried away. It is supposed to be the oldest brick house in Maryland. 

Traveling to the other side of St. Mary's county we come to Mattapany at the 
mouth of the Patuxent River, a trading post, and Indian village for a brief period, one 
of the stations of the Jesuit Fathers, afterward the home of Henry Sewell and then 
occupied by Charles, Third Lord Baltimore in 1675, who married the widow of Henry 
Sewell, Jane Lowe. After a storm, which produced a minature landslide, the paved 
floor of the old dairy was discovered, and forms the approach to Lold Baltimore's Spring. 
It is now owned by the family of Captain George Thomas, connections of Sewells and 
Brookes. 

Sailing further up the Patuxent opposite the site of Dela Brooke Manor one finds 
Brooke Place Manor upon which is the burial place of Robert Brooke, the only colonist 
who had a county assigned to him. When he fell into disfavor of the Lord Proprietary 
in the struggle between the parliament and the king, he retired to this place where he 
died. 

Another view on the same Manor (Brooke Place) is to be found in the beautiful Old 
House Spring so called from the block house to which it was a near neighbor. 

The quaint old mantel from the estate known as the Bond Castle on Cliosapeake 
Bay gives some idea of the beauty of an early interior. The new portion of tliis building 
was erected in 1749, when John Bond married Ann lloldsworth, heiress, their initials 
having been built into the chinmey with date. 

On the St. Mary's side of the Patuxent one comes to Sotterly, the estate of the 



120 REPORT OF MARYLAXD COinnSSIOX 

Platers, 1737, from which Governor Plater drove to AnnapoKs with his coach and four 
horses and in the rose garden, of which we have also a picture, he Ues buried. 

A httle farther south is St. Cuthbert's, another di^'ision of Fenwick's Manor, granted 
to Cuthbert Fenwick among the early manorial holdings. 

The quaint house of Clean Drinking Manor although built before the American 
Revolution marks the site of an older one, the patent ha\ing been taken up by Major 
John Courts in 1698. From this was taken the estate^of Hayes on which, in 1767, Parson 
Williamson built the fine old house, ever since his decease in possession of Lairds and 
Dunlops, now the property of George Thomas Dunlop, Esquire. Although the early 
grant was given in Charles County it was afterwards in Prince George's and now in 
Montgomery County. 

The portrait of Richard Harrison, of Anne Ai'undel County is a fine one by Sir 
Peter L-ely. He was the king's commissioner for that county and in xievr of his office 
and his large holdings, was called King Harrison. 

The portrait of Madame Walter Hoxton nee Susanah Harrison, by Hesselius, appears 
as the last Lady of Brooke Court Manor. This estate came into the family through 
intermarriages with the Digges and Craycroft lines. 

In the portrait of Colonel Edward Fell of His Majesty's Prowlncial Forces, we have 
one of the prominent figures of the founders of Baltimore Town and the owner of large 
estates in Baltimore County. Among the immense grants made in the early history 
of the colony was that of Northampton. While we have no record of a manorial 
holding, the original estate far exceeded the amount of land usually contained in a 
manor. The older house was built in 1737 and occupied by the Ridgely family while 
the present imposing residence was building, is still in good preservation and with the 
old slave quarters, buildings for the industrial acti^'ities of the place and picturesque 
farms, preserves today the traditions of the past and the enjoyment of the life of 
today. 

With the view of Doughoregan Manor we close our account of a few of those interest- 
ing sur^-ivals of the past. Taken up in the latter part of the seventeenth century by the 
elder Carroll it descended to Charles Carroll of Carrollton and for generations has dis- 
pensed a princely hospitaUty. As in the case of Hampton it bears further distinction of 
continuing in the hands of the descendants of the original proprietors. 



Chapter XIV. 

INDIVIDUAL EXHIBITS. 

Owing to the lateness of the exposition many Maryland firms which 
would have exhibited withdrew. Those that did participate profited 
from the advertisement they received and held their own splendidly in 
competition. 

The most elaborate exhibit by a Maryland house was that of the John 
Deere Plow Company, of Baltimore to whom were awarded eleven gold and 
five silver medals. It had a separate pavifion 100 by 100 feet, open on all 
sides and admirably located on the northeast corner of Lee's Parade. 
Flags and streamers floated from the staffs on the building and in the center 
was an immense electric sign composed of one hundred and thirty-five 
electric lights which could be seen from any part of the grounds. The 
pavilion was handsomely fitted up with every comfort and convenience for 
the public. The central ornament was a life size bust of John Deere, 
inventor and maker of the first steel plow, and near it was the first Deere plow 
which was made by John Deere in 1838. With this beginning there were 
exhibits showing the developments of farm machinery including all kinds 
of plows, planters, diggers, loaders, mowers and spreaders. Fourteen associ- 
ated manufacturers combined with the John Deere Plow Company to 
make this exhibit one of peculiar excellence and it attracted many thou- 
sands of visitors during the life of the exposition. 

The largest tea-pot in the world was exhibited by ]\Iartin Gillet and 
Company, one of the oldest and best known firms of Baltimore, its history 
dating back to 1811. This pot was a part of the He-No Tea Exhibit, the 
idea being original with the firm. It was twenty-six feet high and sixty 
feet in circumference and it accommodated thirty-five or forty people. 
The strainer on the end of the spout was as large as an ordinary wash-tub. 
On the ribs that supported the tea-pot there were four hundred electric 
lights. Inside of the tea-pot was a handsome counter on which stood a 
twenty gallon urn with two spigots, from this were served from two to 
four thousand cups of tea a day. All the tea was made back of the tea- 
pot and the apparatus for making tea consisted of two large boilers and 
three twenty-gallon urns. For iced tea the tea was partly cooled by a 
cooler holding about forty gallons; it was then iced and put in the urn 
on the counter for delivery. Over the top of the tea-pot was a canopy of 
Japanese lanterns and umbrellas. Messrs. Gillet and Company were 



122 REPORT OF MARYLAND COMMISSION 

highly complimented on the exhibit and many persons thought it the most 
attractive advertisement in the Food Building. To this exhibit was 
awarded a gold medal. 

The object of the Wm. C. Robinson & Son Company, in exhibiting their 
products, was to show to the public their oils as they come directly from 
the barrel. They therefore arranged their exhibit in such a manner, that 
a number of the oils were continuously flowing over a sheet of plate glass, 
thereby effectively showing their consistency and color. They also had on 
exhibit their Autoline, an oil made for the lubrication of automobiles and 
motor boats, and this also was exhibited in a manner similar to their other 
oils. This Company is the oldest oil house doing business in this country, 
having been established in 1832, and the year of the Jamestown Exposi- 
tion marked its seventy-fifth anniversary. The oils which it displayed 
at its exhibit came direct from its works which are situated at Coraopohs, 
Pa., in the heart of the Pennsj'lvania Oil Fields, and were similar to the 
oils which they always handle and which are all made from the best grade 
of Pennsylvania crude oil. The gold medal was awarded to this firm by 
a jury of experts for all of the different oils, as well as for their various kinds 
of Lubricating Greases displayed. Their exhibit gave the best practical 
opportunity to examine their products, and representatives were present 
to explain the different grades, their quahty and distinctive merits. Alto- 
gether, their exhibit was considered one of the most interesting and unique 
at the Exposition. 

The Rehable Furniture Manufacturing Company of Baltimore had a 
very interesting exhibit opposite the Japanese section in the Manufacturers' 
Building. They occupied a space 40 by 12 and in this they exhibited a 
chamber suite and two sideboards in the colonial style, and a chamber 
suite and five sideboards in composite style. Two of the sideboards con- 
tained cabinets T\ith art glass doors and one a variation with cut glass doors, 
all being from the original designs by Mr. Wilham Morrison of the regular 
staff of the company. This company was estabhshed in 1889 and its prod- 
uct is sold in all parts of the United States. It has a capacity of seventeen 
thousand sideboards per annum. Mr. Andrew S. Cross, of the company's 
staff, was in charge of the exhibit. To the company a silver medal was 
awarded. 

The Cro^TL Cork and Seal Company, whose inventions have revolu- 
tionized the industry and whose operations extend throughout the world, 
had a fine exhibit of their products and of some of the more remarkable 
pieces of their wonderful machinery. The exhibit attracted large crowds 
of people. To the company was awarded a gold medal. 

The Detrick and Harvey Machine Company of Baltimore had on exhibit 
one of its open side iron planers equipped with variable speed drive, oper- 
ated by electric motor; a horizontal drilhng, boring and milhng machine fitted 




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JAMESTOWN TER-CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 123 

with universal tilting table; a nut facing machine; and a No. 2 single bolt 
threader. The Detrick and Harvey Machine Company is one of the lead- 
ing firms in the machinery business, not only in Baltimore but in the South. 
Much interest was shown in this exhibit and a gold medal was awarded. 

One of the handsomest exhibits of Maryland progress was that of Mc- 
Cormick and Company of Baltimore in the Foods Building. This firm are 
large importers of teas, spices, crude drugs, etc., as well as manufacturers 
of proprietary drugs and grocery sundries. They deem Baltimore the 
best location in the United States for importing goods, and remaining IojslI 
to their town after the Baltimore fire, erected on their old site their present 
modern and complete warehouse, 200 feet long by 90 feet deep, five stories, 
with the most modern and complete laboratory apphances and for milhng 
and packing the various articles of their manufacture. Their products are 
sold in every state in the Union, being distributed through jobbing, drug 
and grocery channels and are also exported to South America, Australia 
and South Africa. Their enterprise has given Baltimore the largest busi- 
ness of this kind in the United States. The Jamestown exhibit was expen- 
sively and tastefully arranged, showing their Bee Brand and Banquet 
Brand spices, teas and flavoring extracts. Upon each of these brands of 
goods they were given gold medals by the board of awards, especially 
selected for their technical and practical knowledge of food products and 
their unquestioned standing. The members of this jury were: Dr. H. W. 
Wiley, Chief Chemist, U. S. Agricultural Department, Dr. John J. Long, 
Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, 111., and Prof. F. W. 
Clarke, Chief Chemist, U. S. Geological Survey, Washington, D. C. These 
medals were awarded over competitive exhibits from Boston, New York, 
Richmond, Cincinnati, and other points. 

The artistic appearance and design of their pavilion attracted such 
attention as to be awarded a bronze medal. It was one of the most attrac- 
tive in the Foods Building, built of expensive foreign woods of oriental 
design and decorations, with glass cases running completely around the 
ground floor of the structure, in which were displayed the various teas, 
spices and flavoring extracts handled by the firm. The posts of the booth 
were surrounded by glass forming display cases of choice teas from various 
tea-producing countries of the world. They also exhibited a unique line 
of spices and kindred products. 

One of the features of the Exposition was the Monorail. This Avas the 
invention of Mr. Howard Hansel Tunis of Maryland; and the enterprise at 
the Exposition was placed and conducted by the company which has its 
chief offices in Baltimore. The car running on the single track was an 
object of curiosity to thousands of people, who were surprised and delighted 
by the ease and evenness with which it ran over the stretch of track. The 
car was operated every day excepting Sunday for over five months. Thou- 



124 REPORT OF MARYLAND COMMISSION 

sands of people were carried, and there was no accident of any kind. 
Although the track was only a quarter of a mile in length a speed of forty- 
five miles w^as attained, and the claim of the inventor is that a speed of one 
hundred miles is easily possible on long stretches of track. Governor 
Warfield, Mayor Mahool, Members of the Maryland Commission, and 
visitors from all parts of the world took a trip on the Monorail and were 
cordial in their praises regarding it. The idea of the Monorail is to revo- 
lutionize the system of railway construction, thus securing larger economy 
with greater speed . The design of the company is for a standard car capable 
of carrying one hundred passengers at a speed of over one hundred miles 
per hour. The officers of the company are : Henry W. Wilhams, President; 
E. L. Tunis, Vice President; R. Guy Cochran, Secretary-Treasurer. To 
the Monorail a silver medal was awarded. 



Chapter XV. . 

THE HOSPITALITY OF MARYLAND. 

Perhaps the largest value of Maryland's participation was in the work 
it did in maintaining and increasing the state's reputation for hospitality 
and good living. The public entertainments it gave were the most notable 
of the exposition and were attended by many thousands of Marylanders 
and their friends, including officials and distinguished guests from every 
part of the world. Indeed it is not too much to claim that Maryland made 
theVecord in its public functions. All these affairs were open to Marylanders 
and their friends and although special cards had to be used on Maryland 
Day so that the official party might have the opportunity to dine promptly 
in order to carry out the crowded program, yet all who came were enter- 
tained. The result was great praise for the state. 

The main functions were on Opening Day, April 27, and on Maryland 
Day, September 12. In June a tea was given to the Colonial Dames under 
the direction of the Auxiliary Commission. In July the officers and men of 
the Fifth Maryland Regiment were entertained. The veterans of the Fifth 
Maryland also accepted the hospitahty of the Maryland Building. The 
Descendants of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence held a 
national meeting in the Maryland Building and these ladies and gentle- 
men, coming from all parts of the country, passed a cordial vote of 
thanks for the courtesy they had received from Maryland. 

The state board of education of Maryland held a meeting in the Mary- 
land Building on Wednesday, June 26, which was presided over by Gover- 
nor Edwin Warfield, president of the board. The following members were 
present: Messrs. Clayton Purnell, Zadock P. Wharton, Rufus K. Wood, 
Glenn H. Worthington, Robert C. Cole, and M. Bates Stephens. Dr. 
George W. Ward, principal of the Maryland State Normal School and Mr. 
B. K. Purdum, assistant superintendent of schools, were also present. The 
meeting was an important one and among the several matters acted upon 
were the following: 

First: Appointment of following members of the faculty of the Maryland 
State Normal School: Dr. G. W. Ward, principal; Miss. Sarah E. Richmond, 
vice-principal ; Messrs. Herbert E. Austin, Thomas L. Gibson, W. J. Holloway, 
Misses Myrtille M. Hopper, Camilla J. Henkle, Florence J. Snyder, Mary 
H. Scarborough, teachers; and these as teachers at the ^lodel School: Misses 
Minnie Davis, principal. Belle Upshur and Hanna Coale. The appoint- 



126 REPORT OF MARYLAND COMMISSION 

ment of a successor to Miss Agnes M. McLean, who resigned, was referred 
to the committee of the Maryland State Normal with power to act. Miss 
MoUie W. Tarr was appointed clerk to the Maryland State Normal School 
Faculty. 

Second : The extension of the course of study over eleven years instead 
of ten without adding to the requirements. 

Third : The adoption of a commercial course to be elective for the last 
two years of high school course. 

Fourth: Adoption of report of the High School Teachers Association in 
regard to changes made in the high school curriculum. 

Fifth: Reappointment of Mr. Bradley K. Purdum as assistant state 
superintendent. 

Sixth : Granting of a life certificate to Miss Nannie W. Keating of Queen 
Anne County. 

Seventh: Authority to the state superintendent to appoint a Maryland 
teacher to devote one week in the Exposition School as a teacher. 

More important and more interesting than the stated entertainments 
however were the daily visitors. The Maryland Building opened at nine a.m. 
and closed at six p.m., except Sundays, and practically every minute of the 
open time from April 26 to the close of the exposition, men, women and 
children from Maryland and from every part of the world were inspecting 
the handsome rooms and their exhibits. They were greeted by the host; 
Mr. J. William Baughman and the hostess, Miss Mary L. Robbins. Mr. 
Baughman and Miss Robbins won golden opinions for their cordiahty and 
courtesy and upheld the best traditions of Maryland hospitality. Most 
visitors remarked that the charm of the Maryland Building was in the civil- 
ity and the comfort which were found there. The provision of many chairs 
and ample resting facilities proved a boon to thousands of sightseers 
from Maryland and other states. 

It is a matter of justice to say that Maryland's hospitality was admir- 
ably supplemented by the service which travelers found on the lines of 
ships between Baltimore and the exposition. The people enjoyed unusual 
facilities and whether they traveled by day or by night they had the most 
pohte and careful attention from experienced officers. 

In Baltimore were found several enterprises contributing to the pleasure 
and success of the exposition period. During the summer and fall the 
Baltimore Committee of the Exposition Travelers Aid Society did excel- 
lent work in looking after young women traveling alone. This idea of 
protection was divided into four departments: publication, personal repre- 
sentation, safe resting places and agents to meet the boats. Large pla- 
cards and thousands of small cards and leaflets were distributed. Twenty 
societies cooperated in this work and great good was accompUshed, A 
statement said: 




THE FIFTH REGIMENT AT THE EXPOSITION. GROUP OF OFFICERS AND PORTRAIT OF 

GENERAL WARFIELD. 




GOVKHNOH WAUFIIOM). MA^<)1{ MAHOOI. AND 1'A1M'\ \V V\IK MONOKAIL 



J 



JAMESTOWN TER-CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 127 

Many tired and confused travelers have been here able to tell their story to the 
Travelers' Aid agents after being refreshed by rest and food. The matron records 19 
special cases. 

The Young Women's Christian Association also has been much used, and some- 
times at three o'clock at night the officials were called upon to provide shelter for a 
stranger sent to them from a railroad station. 

In the course of the summer five agents have been employed to meet the boats. 
Many interesting and pathetic stories were told the agents by the travelers. For one 
instance two girls from the South, hired here by the false promise of work, were sent 
back home. Many women without money were given employment, and httle girls were 
safely conveyed to their destination. 

From the Maryland Building thousands of copies of books descriptive 
of Maryland and Baltimore were distributed. These were taken by 
visitors from all parts of the world. The most popular of the publications 
was ^'Maryland, a Description of its Lands, Products and Industries/' 
compiled by Mr. T. J. C. Williams, for the board of public works. Another 
publication was '^ Crown of the Chesapeake" giving the natural resources, 
commercial and industrial achievements of Maryland, published by the 
Merchants and Manufacturers Association of Baltimore; another, ''The 
Battle of North Point, The Bombardment of Fort McHenry and The Birth 
of 'The Star-Spangled Banner'," by Frederick M. Colston of Baltimore; 
and several other publications advertising the town and institutions of the 
state. 

No incident of the exposition gave larger pleasure or brought forth more 
encomiums than the visit of the Fifth Maryland Regiment, Colonel Henry 
M, Warfield commanding, during the month of July. In spite of extremely 
warm weather the members of the regiment made unusual records in their 
work. They gave brilliant entertainments which were largely attended. 



Chapter XVI. 

CLOSING UP THE WORK. 

Weeks before the Exposition closed it was certain that the whole affair 
would be placed in the hands of receivers. There were valuable articles 
in the Maryland Building which had been loaned to the Commission, and 
the effort was made to get them away before any legal complications might 
detain them. To that end practically all of the articles were shipped from 
the Exposition grounds on closing day and were in Baltimore the following 
morning. The Governor sent one of the police boats for the exhibits 
which were to go to Annapolis, and the other packages went by the regular 
steamers. Maryland was the only state to gets it exhibits away promptly, 
as it was also the only state to have all its exhibits ready when the Exposi- 
tion opened. The return of these articles meant much arduous work. 
There were over 500 of them and it was a matter of satisfaction that all 
reached their owners in good condition. 

It was the intention and expectation of the Commissioners that they 
would close up their affairs in December and publish their report for 
the legislature which met in January. The report was written and it 
remained in type for nine months waiting the final settlement of the accounts. 
At all times the Commissioners endeavored to bring things to an end, but 
there were irritating delays which were beyond their control. 

It became evident that there was to be no early settlement of Exposition 
affairs under the receivership. A meeting of the State Commissioners 
was held in Washington, at which Maryland was represented, and there was 
a proposition to persuade the Government to buy the whole Exposition 
outfit. This, however, miscarried. The option on the ground was soon 
to expire, and the Commissioners succeeded in getting the time extended. 
More procrastination followed, and the Maryland Commissioners made a 
special report to the General Assembly setting forth the conditions. 

At the suggestion of Governor Crothers and with the approval of Treas- 
urer Vandiver and Comptroller Hering a bill was drawn directing the Mary- 
land Commissioners to turn over the Maryland Building to the Board of 
Public Works and authorizing the Board of PubUc Works to sell the 
building. For the expense of maintaining the building $1000 was appro- 
priated. This bill was introduced early but was passed in the closing days 
of the session. 



JAMESTOWN TER-CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 129 

In the following week the Commissioners held a meeting at the Merchants^ 
National Bank in Baltimore. A full statement of the work was presented. 
On motion of Mr. John K. Shaw, Jr., a Liquidating Committee consisting of 
Mr. Colston, Chairman, Mr. Thomas, Treasurer and Mr. Meekins, Secretary, 
was appointed to close up the affairs of the Commission. The motion was 
seconded by Dr. Jamar and was carried unanimously. This Committee 
was empowered to turn over the Maryland Building to the Board of Public 
Works. On motion of Mr. Farquhar, a vote of thanks was extended to 
Governor Warfield for appointing the Commission. A vote of appreciation 
was given to the Executive Committee for its work. The Commissioners 
at this meeting presented to the Secretary, and to Miss Edith Stowe, the 
Assistant Secretary, gifts of silver as a recognition of their services. 

After the close of the Exposition advertisements were inserted in the 
papers of Baltimore and Norfolk and all efforts were diligently made to sell 
the Maryland Building, but no bid was forthcoming. It happened in the 
j&rst six months of 1908 that the Board of Public Works was extremely 
busy in inaugurating the plans and policies of the new administration, and 
it was not until June 29 that the Board gave a hearing to the Liquidating- 
Committee representing the Commission. At this meeting the Board 
authorized the Committee to proceed to sell the building on the most 
favorable terms possible and also agreed to bear the expenses which the- 
postponement of the closing of the Committee^s work had entailed. Fur- 
ther efforts were made by the Committee, and the Chairman visited Norfolk 
in search of a purchaser. Miss A. Peyton Ewell made an offer of $1900, but 
withdrew it before it could be acted upon. Then came the only real offer 
that the Commission was able to get for the property, as follows: 

Norfolk, Va., June 25, 1908. 
Captain Frederick M, Colston, 

Chairman of the Maryland Commission, 
Baltimore, Md. 
Dear Sir: 

Replying to your favor of the 15th inst., we beg to advise that the best offer we 
have been able to secure for the Maryland Building is $2000 cash, net to you. 

It is not a question of value but the building is too large for a private residence. 
Then too, the large area of land, together with the exorbitant option price, and not being 
able to get any assurance from the Receivers that the option of purchase will be 
extended beyond August 2, make it impossible to secure anything except a wrecking 
price. Then too, you will see by the following sales, which have been made through 
our office, that $2000 is about an average price when everything is taken into con- 
sideration. 

Pennsylvania, including clock $2,000 . 00^ 

Georgia 1 ,000 . 00 

West Virginia 1 ,650 . 00 

Missouri 3,200.0ft 



130 REPORT OF MARYLAND COMMISSION 

Massachusetts SI, 140 .00 

Rhode Island, including furniture 1,900.00 

Vermont, including furniture 400 . 00 

New Hampshire, including furniture 1,900.00 

Richmond City 700 . 00 

Michigan 500 . 00 

Connecticut 2,850.00 

lUinois 2,500 . 00 

We believe that now is the time to sell, as it will be impossible to get anything 
for your building after August 1, if the Receivers refuse to renew the option of pur- 
chase of land. 

Trusting that we may hear from you by return mail, we beg to remain, 

Yours very truly, 

WiLLARD R. Cook & Co. 

The Committee recommended that the Board of Public Works accept 
this offer, which was done. Hon. Isaac Lobe Straus, Attorney General, 
drew the deeds and the money was received and deposited on August 3, 
1908. 

There was a further delay of nearly two months. It required that 
time to find purchasers for the remaining furniture and to get any 
word from the receivers in regard to certain disputed bills. These things 
were cleared off in the last week of September, and on September 28 the 
Committee made their final report to the Board of Public Works appearing 
in person and going over their work. The Committee had taken care of 
the building and the insurance and the other duties under the special 
act of 1908, which appropriated $1000, and their bill for all expenses and 
for the additional cost of keeping the Commission's affairs open six months, 
was $612.94, leaving $387.06 to be returned to the treasury in addition 
to the $2000 received for the building. In the $612.94 were included the 
insurance, $150 for the assistant treasurer, $100 for service in the building 
and the expenses of closing. No salaries were paid after January 1. 
Governor Crothers complimented the committee on their work and Comp- 
troller Hering had a special word of praise for the completeness of all the 
accounts of the Commission. 

Below is the summary of these accounts. There are more than 500 
vouchers and in them every item of expenditure is duly recorded. These 
vouchers are filed at Annapolis. With them are complete lists of the 
receipts and expenditures. No money was expended except on requisitions 
signed by two officers and by check also signed by two officers. Before the 
final meeting of the full Commission, Mr. John Redwood, one of the most 
experienced auditors of Baltimore, went over the accounts and found them 
correct. Great credit is due to Mr. John H. B. Dunn who supervised the 
accounts under the direction of the Treasurer, Mr. D. H. Thomas. Below 



JAMESTOWN TER-CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 131 

is the statement as passed upon and summarized by the Liquidating 
Committee : 

Receipts. 

Appropriation $65,000.00 

Special appropriation, 1908 1,000.00 

Rebate on Insurance 1,395 . 34 

Paid by Commissioners for guests 838 .23 

Sale of Building 2,000.00 

Received from furniture 411 . 56 



$70,645.13 



Expenditures . 
Lot: 

Plowing and grading $350.00 

Landscape work, plants and fee of Robert A Pope 474 . 50 

H. W. Veasey, brick walk 176 . 05 

Iron fence. Ornamental Fence Co 122 . 95 

Seeds and fertilizer 18.70 1,142.20 

Building: 

Parker & Thomas, commission $ 1,668 . 19 

Betts-Hayden Construction Co 18,961 .40 

C. F. Meislahn & Co 13,823.70 

Harry Alexander, electrical 330 . 60 

G. W. Walther & Co., plumbing 172.74 

W. P. Nelson Co 24.00 

Hanley-Casey Co 47.50 

M. Solmson Co., fly screens 125 . 00 

J. Alexander, painting 30 . 00 35,183 . 13 

Furnishing and Maintenance of Building: 

Furniture, rugs, linens, dishes, etc $1,478.45 

Advertising and newspapers 275 .20 

Host, salary, 7 months 700.00 

Hostess, salary 751 . 67 

Supplies 1,460.10 

Care of Building, 1908 100.00 

Janitor 595 . 50 

Boy and extra help 73 . 75 

Miscellaneous 353 . 03 

Insurance 3,011.23 8,798.93 

Administration: 

Secretary, 21 months, salary $2,100 . 00 

Assistant, 18§- months salary 550 . 00 

Assistant Treasurer 150 . 00 

Furniture 132 . 00 

Rent, 810 Fidelity Building $33.34 month 000. 12 



132 REPOET OF MARYLAND COMMISSION 

Desk room, 2 montlis in 1908 $10.00 

C. & P. Telephone 202.75 

Newspapers 12.25 

Typewriter machine, rent 67 . 50 

Stationery 158 . 38 

Postage, etc 59.69 

Extra Typewriting, mimeographing, etc 149 .45 

Telegrams, etc 97.51 

Towel service, $1.75 month 28.00 

Closing work of Commission 25 . 00 $4,342 . 65 



Exhibits : 

Geological $500 . 00 

Industrial Committee 521 . 40 

Horticultural 4,673 . 67 

Historical 933.87 

Freight on Exhibits 461 .21 

Literature 456 . 57 7,546 . 72 

Entertainments and Expenses: 

Commission's visit to Norfolk, March, 1906 $76 .20 

Visit Legislative Committee 130.00 

Corner Stone Laying, September, 1906 696 . 15 

Opening Day, April, 1907 3,900.45 

Colonial Day, June, 1907 103 . 15 

Maryland Day, September, 1907 3,383 . 62 

Traveling and hotel expenses of Commission 1,234.67 

Expenses of Auxiliary Commission 227 . 35 

Report of Commission , 1,492.85 11,244.44 

Recapitulation: 

Received $70,645 . 13 

Expended 68,258.07 



Returned to the Treasury of the State $2,387 . 06 



Chapter XVII. 

THE BATTLE OF NORTH POINT— THE BOMBARDMENT OF 
FORT McHENRY, AND THE BIRTH OF THE 
"STAR SPANGLED BANNER." 

Written by Frederick M. Colston, for Maryland Day, at the Jamestown 
Exposition, September 12, 1907. 

When Napoleon abdicated on April 4, 1814 (which ended England's 
war with France) the British government determined upon a more vigor- 
ous prosecution of the war with the United States. 

They decided to employ the seasoned and victorious troops of WeUing- 
ton, which had gone through the campaigns of the Peninsula, and had 
marched to Bordeaux on their way through France. 

With this army, Wellington said that he could ''go anyT\'here and do 
anything." 

And after Waterloo, he said: 

If I had the army which we broke up at Bordeaux, the battle would not have lasted 
for four hours. 

Four brigades were designated for this movement, of which three were 
sent to Canada, and one to a Southern campaign, which latter w^as placed 
under the command of General Sir Robert Ross, a soldier of distinction 
and high character, who had served in Holland, Egj'pt and the Peninsula, 
where he was badly wounded in the battle of Orthes, and who was made a 
Major-General after Vittoria. 

The object of this southern campaign was stated by the Earl of Liver- 
pool, Prime Minister, in a despatch of September 27, 1814, to the Duke of 
Wellington, who was then at Paris, as follows: — 

My dear Duke: — I have sent you the "Extraordinary Gazette" of this day, with 
the very satisfactory account of the operations of our army and navy upon the coasts 
of America, by the destruction of the American flotilla and the capture and occupation 
for a time of the city of Washington. * * * j rejoice to say likewise that Sir A. A. 
Cochrane, General Ross and Admiral Cockburn are very sanguine about their future 
operations. They intend, on account of the season, to proceed in the first instance to 
the northward and to occupy Rhode Island, where they propose remaining anil living 
upon the country until about the first of November. They will then proceed again 
southward, destroy Baltimore, if they should find it practicable without too much 
risk, occupy several important points on (he coast of Georgia and the (^arolinas, take 
possession of Mobile in the Floridas, and close the campaign with an attack upon New 
Orleans. 



134 REPORT OF MARYLAND COMMISSION 

A London paper declared that 

The truculent inhabitants of Baltimore must be tamed with the weapons which 
shook the wooden turrets of Copenhagen. 

Baltimore had been called " sl nest of pirates/'' because the Baltimore 
privateers had inflicted much damage upon the British commerce, and 
hence the strong hostihty against the city. 

General Ross sailed from Bordeaux on June 1. and arrived at Bermuda 
on July 24. Thence he started on his campaign in the Chesapeake and 
the capture of Washington followed. 

The information that the enemy was ascending the bay toward Balti- 
more was received on Saturday, September 10, and the next morning 
the squadron, some 40 or 50 ships, including transports, was seen at the 
mouth of the Patapsco. But warned by the example of Washington and 
animated by a proper spirit Baltimore had not been idle. On Sunday, 
August 27, the citizens were called upon by a committee of \dgilance and 
safety to aid in the erection of works for the defense of the city, which was 
promptly responded to, and the works were begun on that day. 

A single instance will show the spirit that prevailed: The late ^Ir. 
Samuel W. Smith, of Park Street, Baltimore, a nephew of General Smith, 
and then a lad of 12 years of age, being missed from his home, a search was 
made for him, and he was found in the intrenchments, with a shovel, dih- 
gently engaged in the work. 

Major-General Smith, a Revolutionary officer, commanded the forces 
which were composed entirely of militia, T\dth the exception of a squadron 
of U. S. Dragoons. 

The line of intrenchments commenced on the harbor, west of the mouth 
of Harris' Creek, and was continued thence in a slightly northwest direction 
to and on Hampstead Hill to a point on what is now East Madison Street, 
a short distance east of the Johns Hopkins Hospital and about where St. 
Andrew's Cathohc Church now stands. Thence the line went almost 
directly west to what is now Broadway, where the finished line ended, but 
there was a detached work west of Broadway and another one on McKim's 
Hill on the east side of the York Road (now Greenmount Avenue) and just 
south of the present cemetery; and a further one about where Broadway 
now crosses Gay Street. One of the principal redoubts, Rodger's, is still 
visible in Patterson Park, through which the hne of works passed. 

Anticipating the landing of the enemy. General Strieker, who had 
served with credit in the Revolution as a captain, Tsith a part of the Third 
Brigade, was ordered by General Smith to march on Sunday evening out 
the Philadelphia Road to Long-Log Lane (now the North Point Road) and 
at 8 p.m. he reached the ground on which the battle was fought the next 
day, and on which the night was passed. 



JAMESTOWN TER-CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 135 

The ground was well chosen, with the right resting on Bear Creek and 
the left near Bread and Cheese Creek; the first being an arm of the Patapsco 
and the second of Back River — a total distance of about one mile. No 
intrenchments or defenses of any sort were thrown up. General Strieker 
reports that his force was composed of 5th, 6th, 27th, 39th and 51st Regi- 
ments. 

These regiments were not organized and equipped as regiments of the 
Militia, or National Guard, are now, but were composed of separate com- 
panies (as was the custom before the Civil War), some of which were uni- 
formed and drilled, but others were merely enrolled and appeared in their 
citizen's clothes, and some members even wore their silk hats in the field. 

One company each from York, Hanover and Marietta, Pennsylvania, 
and one from Hagerstown, were incorporated in these regiments — all the 
rest were from Baltimore. 

In forming the line, Lieut. -Col. Henry Amey of the 51st Regiment was 
directed to form his regiment on the extreme left at a right angle with the 
main line. This was in conformity with the topography; but in attempting 
that formation the regiment got into confusion, owing, it is said, to the 
incapacity of the commanding officer. This was rectified by the exertions 
of the staff officers; but it is hkely that the regiment became "rattled" at 
the exhibition of the incompetency of the commanding officer, for it was 
this regiment which gave way when the attack was made. It is only a 
staunch regiment that will stand in fine under fire when it has lost confi- 
dence in its commanding officer. 

The line was composed of the 5th, 27th, 39th and 51st Regiments, the 
6th being held in reserve on Perego's Hill on the North Point Road, about 
one mile in the rear of the line of battle, which provided for the contin- 
gency which called forth the withdrawal of the American forces. 

General Strieker reports that his entire force was 3185 men; but deduct- 
ing the reserve and allowing for the defection of the 51st Regiment and 
part of the 39th ,the battle was fought by only about 1700 men. 

On Monday morning, the twelfth, General Strieker got word about 7 a.m. 
that the enemy were landing at North Point and immediately made prep- 
aration to receive them. But as they did not appear, he sent out an 
advanced guard, composed of three companies, about 220 men, with one 
4-pounder, and the cavalry. It encountered the British advance unex- 
pectedly, and a skirmish followed, which became so lively that General 
Ross rode forward to see what it meant, and received his mortal wound. 
The story that General Ross was shot by a man in a tree is a myth. It was 
current at the time, but a contemporary account states that as the advanced 
forces came unexpectedly into contact, there was neither time nor motive 
for climbing trees. An account published in 1817 by a British sergeant, 
who was chief of couriers at General Ross' headquarters, states that in the 



136 REPORT OF MARYLAND COMMISSION 

advance three men were discovered, one of whom was in a peach tree gather- 
ing the fruit; he jumped from the tree and all three fired simultaneously and 
General Ross was killed by that fire. The skirmish line of the British fired 
and the three men were all killed beneath the tree where they were first 
discovered. It was found upon examination that the guns were loaded with 
buckshot and ball cartridges. On August 11, 1846, Mr. Henry R. Wilson, 
of Baltimore, was at an inn at the Giants' Causeway, Ireland, and met a 
gentleman who told him that he was an aide-de-camp to General Ross at 
this battle and that the general was killed by a musket-ball and buck- 
shot. Nor was he killed by Wells and McComas who were not in that 
advanced party. 

The British landed on the Patapsco River a short distance north of 
North Point, and marched about 7 a.m. on a road leading from the shore 
to the North Point Road, where they took possession of an unfinished line 
of works between Humphrey's Creek and Back River, which had been 
thrown up by our forces previous to the arrival of the British but 
which had not been occupied. This line was afterwards used by them 
to cover their embarkation. Here the enemy rested about an hour, and it 
was at this time that General Strieker, anxious to develop their movement, 
sent out the advanced guard as mentioned above, which, he says, ''was 
to give evidence of my msh for a general engagement." The British col- 
umn was composed of the 4th, 21st, 44th and 85th Regiments, 2d and 3d 
Battalions of the Royal Marines, the marines from the squadron, detach- 
ments of the Royal Artillery, and Royal Marine Artillery, a brigade of 
seamen (600 men) armed with small arms, and the colonial black marines, 
with. 6 field pieces and 2 homtzers. 

The American reports state that between 7000 and 9000 British forces 
were landed, but only about 4000 were actually engaged in the battle oi 
the 12th. 

General Ross was accompanied by Admiral Cockburn, who afterwards 
carried Napoleon to St. Helena on the Northumberland. 

The British patrol brought in as prisoners three light horsemen, ''Young 
gentlemen belonging to a corps of volunteers, furnished by the town of 
Baltimore," who were questioned by General Ross, and told him that 20,000 
men were embodied for the defense of Baltimore. To this General Ross 
is reported to have said that he did not "care if it rained militia." Gleig, 
in his "Narrative," says that General Ross' advance to Washington was 
slow, but rapid and cautious to Baltimore. G. R. Gleig was an officer in 
the 85th Regiment, who afterwards entered the ministry and became 
chaplain-general to the British army. He was a famifiar friend of the 
Duke of Wellington, his home being near Strathfieldsaye. He lived until 
1888, being then 92 years old. 

After their rest at Gorsuch's farm., Gleig says, the column moved for- 



JAMESTOWN TER-CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 137 

ward, and hearing the firing which told them that their advanced guard was 
engaged 

the ranks were closed and the troops advanced at a brisk rate, and in profound silence 

* * * We were now drawing near the scene of action, when another officer came at 
full speed towards us, with horror and dismay in his countenance and caUing loudly 
for a surgeon. 

The surgeon's services were needed for General Ross, who died before he 
could be carried to the shore. Colonel Brook, of the 44th Regiment, suc- 
ceeded to the command. This officer had served in Flanders, Egypt and 
the Peninsula, where he commanded a brigade under Wellington. 

Colonel Brook *' ordered the necessary dispositions for a general attack." 
The order of battle was arranged by Lieutenant Evans, afterwards Sir 
DeLacy Evans, a very distinguished officer of the British army. 

The light brigade consisting of the 85th Regiment and the light companies of the 
other corps, in extended order, threatened the whole front of the American army. The 
21st remained in column upon the road; the 4th moved off to the right and advanced 
through a thicket to turn the enemy's left, and the 44th, the seamen and marines, formed 
line in rear of the light brigade. 

Gleig says : 

A dreadful discharge of grape and canister shot, old locks, pieces of broken muskets, and 
everything which they could ram into their guns, was now sent forth from the whole of 
the enemy's artillery; and some loss on our side was experienced. Regardless of this, 
our men went on without either quickening or retarding their pace, till they came within 
an hundred yards of the American line; as yet not a musket had been fired, or a word 
spoken on either side, but the enemy, now raising a shout, fired a volley from right to 
left, and then kept up a rapid and ceaseless discharge of musketry. Nor were our 
people backward in replying to these salutes, for giving them back both their shout and 
their volley, we pushed on at a double quick, with the intention of bringing them to the 
charge * * * Though they maintained themselves with great determination, and 
stood to receive our fire scarcely twenty yards divided us, the Americans would not 
hazard a charge. On our left, indeed, where the 21st advanced in column, it was not 
without much difficulty and a severe loss, that any attempt to charge could be made 

* * * Towards the right however the day was quickly won. And as soon as their left 
gave way, the whole Armerican army fell into confusion, nor do I recollect on any 
occasion to have witnessed a more complete rout. 

Colonel Brook's report was dated ''on board H. M. S. Tennant, Chesa- 
peake, Sept. 17, 1814." After describing the topographical features of the 
country, he reports his advance, and his arrangements for battle. This 
account does not differ from Gleig's ''Narrative," which is more in detail 
and has been quoted above. He estimated the force opposetl to him as 
about 6000 men. 

He says. 

In this order the signal being given, the whole of the troops advanced rapiilly (o the 
charge. In less than fifteen minutes, the enemy's force, being utterly broken and 



138 KEPORT OF MARYLAND COMMISSION 

dispersed, fled in every direction over the country, leaving on the field two pieces of 
cannon, with a considerable number of killed, wounded and prisoners. 

The 4th Regiment under Major Faunce, by a detour through some hollow ways, 
gained unperceived a lodgement close upon the enemy's left, and the enemy lost in this 
short but brilliant affair from five to six hundred in killed and wounded, which at the 
most moderate computation is at least one thousands hors de combat. The 5th Regi- 
ment of militia, in particular, has been represented as nearly annihilated. 

But the total loss of General Strieker's brigade was 24 killed, 139 
wounded and 50 prisoners, a total of 213. 

The British loss was 39 killed and 251 wounded. There were a con- 
siderable number of deserters from the British forces. 

The report of Colonel Brook is noticeable for its exaggerations — 500 to 
600 killed and wounded and 1000 hors de combat turns out to be 213 in all. 

Instead of about 6000 the Americans had only 3185, which was re- 
duced to about 1400 at the time of the British charge. 

Only one gun was lost. 

The 5th Regiment ^'nearly annihilated" lost 80 men out of 550. The 
entire American force was less than 15,000, including all those in the differ- 
ent forts, batteries and gunboats, and not more than about 10,000 opposed 
to the British advance. 

General Strieker, after reporting the precipitate retreat of the 51st 
Regiment, which only delivered one random fire, says: 

The enemy's line advanced about 10 minutes before 3 o'clock, with a severe fire, 
which was well returned by the artillery, the whole 27th, the 5th, * * * and from 
the 1st batallion of the 39th, who maintained its ground in despite of the disgraceful 
example set by the intended support on the left. The fire was incessant till about 15 
minutes before 4 o'clock, when finding that my line, now 1400 strong, was insufficient 
to withstand the superior numbers of the enemy, and my left flank being exposed by the 
desertion of the 51st, I was constrained to order a movement back to the reserve regiment 
under Colonel McDonald, which was well posted to receive the retired line, which mostly 
rallied well. 

No pursuit was made by the British. Colonel Brook says : 

The day being now far advanced, and the troops (as is always the case on the first 
march after disembarkation) much fatigued, we halted for the night on the ground of 
which the enemy had been dispossessed. 

The position was not intended to be the one on which the main battle 
was to be fought. It could have been easily flanked by an unmolested land- 
ing anywhere north of the mouth of Bear Creek, which is about five miles 
below Fort McHenry. 

It was intended to harass and delay the enemy and to show him that if 
he wanted to get Baltimore he would have to fight for it. 

It accomplished more than was hoped for or expected. The retreat 
from it had been planned. But for the defection of the 51st Regiment, 



JAMESTOWN TER-CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 139 

the enemy would have been more seriously punished and delayed, and the 
only "disorderly rout" was the retreat of that regiment and a part of the 
line immediately adjoining it. When the 51st and part of the 39th broke 
ranks and fled, the remainder of the Une stood firm until ordered to retreat. 

Any experienced soldier knows that a retreat under fire from one position 
to another, even under orders, has the appearance of a rout. 

After General Strieker had ralUed his forces on his reserve at Perego's 
Hill, he formed his brigade and awaited another attack, but the enemy did 
not pursue, and finding that his right flank could be turned, he retired to 
Worthington Mill, where he spent the night of the 12th, and the next morn- 
ing took post on the left of the main fine of defenses as previously arranged. 

The British army advanced at dayhght on the 13th, and at ten oclock 
arrived in front of the American line. The right extended as far as the 
Belair Road, where it crosses Herring Run, where they occupied Furley 
Hall (the residence of WiUiam Bowly, now owned by the Corse estate) and 
also Surrey, then occupied by Colonel Sterrett; and in both of these houses 
the British officers helped themselves very freely to stores and wines left 
there, and carried off some of the negro slaves. 

From this movement it was thought that the enemy was disposed to 
attack by the Harford and York Roads ; but the disposition of the American 
forces to meet this was prompt and effectual. 

They occupied Judge Kell's house as headquarters, which was on an 
eminence just north of the Philadelphia Road, near the present Orange ville 
— and from an upper window the intrenchments on Hampstead Hill were 
plainly visible and inspected by the British officers, the distance being a 
short two miles. 

Of this position Gleig says that 

certainly more science was displayed in the distribution of their forces along their princi- 
pal position. * * * Here there were not only fortifications, but fortifications con- 
structed in a scientific manner, and troops drawn up in such order as that, even without 
their works, many cross fires would have protected their front. And, it now appeared 
that the corps which we had beaten yesterday was only a detachment, and not a large 
one, from the force collected for the defence of Baltimore. 

Brook says : 

During the evening, however, I received a communication from the commander- 
in-chief of the land forces, by which I was informed that in consequence of the entrance 
to the harbor being closed up by vessels sunk for that purpose by the enemy, a naval 
cooperation against the town and camp was found impracticable. 

But this was after the day's bombardment of Fort McHenry, and that, 
and not the sunken vessels, caused the impracticability of the cooperation. 
He continues: 

It was agreed between the vice-admiral and myself Muit the capture of the town would 
not have been a sufficient equivalent to the loss which might be probably sustained in 



140 REPORT OF MARYLAND COM:NnSSIOX 

storming the heights. Having formed this resolution, after compelling the enemy to 
sink upwards of twenty vessels in different parts of the harbor, causing the citizens to 
remove almost the whole of their property to places of more security inland, obliging the 
government to concentrate all the military force of the surrounding States, harassing 
the militia, and forcing them to collect from many remote districts, causing the enemy 
to bum a valuable rope walk, with other public buildings, in order to clear the glacis in 
front of their redoubts, besides having beaten and routed them in a general action, I 
retired on the 14th, three miles from the position which I had occupied, where I halted 
during some hours. 

This is in the nature of an explanation, or excuse, and it is a meagre 
result in place of pre-vious boasts and expectations. 

The capture of Baltimore^ which was announced as part of the program 
of the British army and nskvj, had been confidently expected. Vice- 
xldmiral Warren declared ''It is a doomed town/' and the governor-gen- 
eral of Canada proposed that the public rejoicings at Montreal because of 
the capture of Washington be postponed in order that the fall of Baltimore 
might be celebrated at the same time. 

Some time after midnight of the 13th the British commenced their 
retreat, and reembarked on the morning of the loth. 

General "Winder, with a brigade, was sent in pursuit, but owing to the 
fatigue of the troops no serious molestation was undertaken. The 3d 
Brigade was not dischargetl from the service of the United States until 
November IS, by a general order signed by ''W. Scott,"' which says: 

The major-general in taking leave of this fine body of citizen-soldiers, who have 
done themselves and country so much honor, offers to them the thanks of the United 
States for their distinguished services. 

Much rain fell during the days of the campaign and the American troops 
were in the open and received their rations irregularly, but the beha^dor of 
the men was good, and the tmwonted exposure was cheerfully borne. 

Lossing says : 

The successful defence of Baltimore was hailed with great delight throughout the 
country, and trembling Philadelphia and Xew York breathed freer. 

The effect of this failure, with the almost simultaneous one at Platts- 
burg, on the minds of the English ministry is shown by the fact that, upon 
receipt of the news, it was proposed to send the Duke of Wellington him- 
self to take the command in America. 

The reports were received in London on October 17, and on Novem- 
ber 4 the Earl of Liverpool and Earl Bathurst both wrote to the Duke. 
The Earl of Liverpool says : 

The other idea which has presented itself to our minds is, that you should be 
appointed to the chief command in America, 

and presented arguments in favor of it. Earl Bathurst wrote in the same 

terms. 



JAMESTOWN TER-CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 141 

The reply of the Duke to the Earl of Liverpool, dated Paris, November 
7, is as follows: 

My Dear Lord — I have received your letters of the 4th and you will have seen by 
that which I wrote to Lord Bathurst on the same day that I feel no disinclination to 
undertake the American concern, but, to tell you the truth, I think that, under existing 
circumstances, you cannot at this moment allow me to quit Europe. 

On November 9 he wrote to the Earl as follows: 

I have already told you and Lord Bathurst that I feel no objection to going to 
America, though I do not promise to myself much success there. 

On November 18 he wrote to the same: 

I have already told you that I have no objection to going to America, and I will go 
whenever I am ordered. 

November 18 the Earl of Liverpool wrote to the foreign secretary 
Viscount Castlereagh: 

I send you a copy of my last letter to the Duke of Wellington. There has not been 
time to hear from him in reply, but I trust no further difficulty will occur respecting 
his leaving Paris, and the knowledge that he is to have the command in America, if the 
war continues, may be expected to produce the most favorable effects. 

The Earl wrote to Mr. Canning on December 28, referring to 

communications which I had with the Duke of Wellington. He had agreed to take 
command of the army in the ensuing campaign if the war should continue, but he was 
particularly solicitous for peace, being fully satisfied that there was no \iilnerable point 
of importance belonging to the United States which we could take and hold except New 
Orleans. 

The signing of the treaty of peace between England and the United 
States at Ghent on December 24, 1814, of course put an end to the idea 
of the duke's coming to the United States. 

The failure of the British campaign at Baltimore, and at Plattsburg, had 
a decided effect upon the terms of the treaty of Ghent in favor of the United 
States. The commissioners were in session when the news was received 
on October 17, in London, and there were yet two months of negotiation 
before the treaty was signed. 

Goulbourn, one of the British commissioners, wrote to Earl Bathurst on 
October 21: 

We owed the acceptance of our article respecting the Indians to the capture of 
Washington, and if we had either burnt Baltimore or held Plattsburg, I believe we should 
have had peace on the terms you have sent to us in a month at least. As things appear 
to be going on in America, the result of our negotiations may be very different. 

A comparison of the instructions which the American commissioners 
received on June 25, 1814, as to terms, and what they got in December, 



142 REPORT OF MARYLAND COMMISSION 

especially on impressment, will show that some influence was at work to 
hold up their hands and increase their demands. 

It was not the battle of Xew Orleans,, for that was fought after the treaty 
was signed. 

A London paper of June 17 had said that the naval and mihtary 
commanders on the American station carried with them '^certain terms 
which will be offered to the American government at the point of the 
bayonet.'"' 

Xo hist or}' of any part of the War of 1812 would be complete without 
considering the attitude of New England during that time and which greatly 
affected the conduct of the war. 

As early as in 1808, Sir James Craig, Governor-General of Canada, 
employed John Henry as a confidential agent to go to Xew England and 
report on the feehng there prevalent. In February he wrote that after a 
few more months of the non-intercourse policy, the Xew England states 
would be ready to withdraw from the confederation. In February, 1809, 
he wrote: 

There is good groimd at present to hope that the States of Massachusetts, Rhode 
Island, Connecticut, Xew Hampshire and Vermont wiU resist even' attempt of the 
French party to involve the Fnited States in a war with Great Britain. 

Those who favored the war were called sometimes the French party because 
the opponents declared that a war with Great Britain necessarily involved 
an alUance with France. 

The English ministry was of course kept ad\dsed of these sentiments, 

It is imnecessary to quote here all the actions of the legislatures and 
people of Xew England which were promptly made public in England, but 
only to record the eff'ect upon the attitude of Great Britain. 

There was a pohcy of differentiation in the conduct of the war between 
the X'orth and the South. 

A British order in coimcil of October 26, 1812, clearly made a differ- 
ence between the Xew England and the Southern states in favor of the 
former. President Madison noticed this and called it a pohcy : 

having for its object to dissolve the ties of allegiance and the sentiments of loyalty hi 
the adversary nation, and to seduce and separate its component parts, one from the 
other. 

In other words, to encourage secession. 

On March 30, 1813, the prince regent issued a pubhc notification of 
the blockade of ports from Xew York to Xew Orleans, but no mention was 
made of Xew England ports. 

From the tenor of the British dispatches of the time it seems hkely 
that peace would have been proposed before but for rehance upon that 
hostile spirit and the threatened secession of that section from the Union. 



JAMESTOWN TER-CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 143 

Sir Henry Goulbourn wrote to Earl Bathurst on October 21, 1814 
(after referring to the operations at Baltimore and Plattsburg) : 

Indeed if it were not for the want of fuel at Boston, I should be quite in despair. 

The Earl of Liverpool wrote to Viscount Castlereagh on December 23, 
1814: 

The disposition to separate on the part of the Eastern States may Kkewise frighten 
Madison, for if he should refuse to ratify the treaty, we must immediately propose to 
make a separate treaty with them, and we have good reason to believe that they would 
not be indisposed to listen to such a proposal. 

While the opposition of New England to the war was on economic 
grounds, the question which brought it to a head and led to the Hartford 
Convention was one of ''states' rights." Massachusetts refused to put her 
troops under the command of a United States officer, and the secretary 
of war then declined to pay those troops, whereupon a joint committee 
of the legislature of Massachusetts made a report on the subject and recom- 
mended a convention of delegates from sympathizing states which met at 
Hartford on December 15, 1814, and in which all the New England states 
were represented. 

No such question was raised in Maryland, because General Winder, 
a United States officer, held and exercised a command in this campaign. 
Niles' Register says: 

On the 10th of September, General Winder was in Baltimore with aU the forces of 
the 10th Military District at his command. 

In conclusion, the Battle of North Point saved Baltimore from a pre- 
determined fate; it encouraged the rest of the country; it, with Plattsburg, 
caused the EngUsh ministry to suggest that the Duke of Wellington should 
take command in America and it influenced the terms of the treaty of 
Ghent in favor of the United States. 

Authorities consulted: 

Official Reports of Generals Smith and Strieker. 

Official Reports of Colonel Brook and Admirals Cochrane and Cockburn. 

The Annual Register, London, for 1814. 

Niles' Register, Washington, for 1812, 1813 and 1814. 

Narrative of the Campaign of the British Army at Washington, Baltimore and N^ew 
Orleans, by G. R. Gleig. 

The Citizen-Soldiers at North Point and Fort McHenry, September 12 and IS, 181 4, 
published by N. Hickman, Baltimore. 

Supplementary Despatches of the Duke of Wellington, edited by the second duke. 
London, 1858. 9th volume. 

Official map of General Winder in the library of the Maryland Historical Society. 

Manuscript Notes, by Wm. M. Marine. 

Field Book of the War of 1812, by Lossing. 

The Hartford Convention, by Dwight. 

The Canadian War of 1812, by Lucas. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1906. 



144 REPORT OF MARYLAND COMMISSION 

THE BOMBARDMENT OF FORT McHENRY AND THE BIRTH 
OF ''THE STAR-SPANGLED BANNER." 

In cooperation with the land forces at North Point the British fleet 
made an attack upon Fort McHenry, which commenced at sunrise on Sep- 
tember 13 and lasted to 7 a.m. on the 14, about twenty-five hours, with 
two sUght intermissions. No report of the British admiral is made in the 
chronicles of the period. 

The commander of the fort was Major George Armistead, and his force 
was one company of U. S. Artillery and two companies of sea fencibles, 
but these companies were short of men for duty; also three companies 
of volunteer artillery from Baltimore, a detachment of seamen and 600 U. S. 
Infantry, a force altogether of about 1000 men. The fleet made the attack 
at a distance of about two miles, at which distance their fire was effective, 
but the projectiles from the fort fell short. Major Armistead says: 

This was to me a most distressing circumstance, as it left us exposed to a constant 
and tremendous shower of shells without the most remote possibility of our doing him 
the slightest injury. It affords me the highest gratification to state that though we were 
left thus exposed and thus inactive not a man shrunk from the conflict. 

The number of shot and shell fired by the fleet was estimated at 1500 
to 1800, of which about 400 fell within the fort. 

Tempted by the failure of the fire from the fort to reach their vessels 
the British at one time moved three of them nearer to the fort which brought 
them into range, when they were driven off after an half an hour's fire with 
considerable damage; one of them having to be towed off to save her from 
destruction. After midnight the British sent an expedition of about 1250 
men in barges, with scahng ladders, etc., to make a landing in the rear of 
the fort. They went up to the southern shore of Whetstone Point, but 
were discovered and defeated, with great loss, by the fire from Fort 
Covington and City Batteries, after an engagement of nearly two hours. 
The bombardment of the fort by the British fleet continued during this 
time, but ceased entirely about 7 a.m. 

Colonel Brook, the British commander of the land forces, was informed 
of the failure of the naval attack and ordered a retreat from his position 
before the city. 

The two separate and distinct attacks upon Baltimore, by land and 
water, had both failed, and the city had the proud record of having repulsed 
the boastful enemy, flushed with their victory at Washington. 

When the British advanced upon Washington they charged that some 
of their stragglers had been attacked by citizens, and on their return to 
their vessels at Benedict they took with them Dr. Wm. Beanes, a promi- 
nent resident of the county, as a hostage. His family was greatly concerned 
for his safety and appealed to Francis Scott Key, a lawyer of Georgetown, 



JAMESTOWN TER-CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION 145 

to go to Admiral Cochrane and plead for Dr. Beanes' release. Mr. Key, 
well known for his kindness of heart and engaging manner, complied with 
the request, and, obtaining permission of President Madison, went to the 
fleet in the cartel ship, Minden, under a flag of truce. The fleet was found 
at the mouth of the Potomac, preparing for the attack upon Baltimore. 
Admiral Cochrane consented to release Dr. Beanes, but refused to permit 
him or Mr. Key to leave the fleet at that time. This was of course in 
view of the contemplated movement. The Minden accompanied the fleet 
and a guard of marines was placed upon her to prevent any communication 
with the shore. The Minden was anchored within sight of Fort McHenry, 
and from her deck Mr. Key watched the bombardment during the whole 
day of the 13th and could see the flag still waving, but at night, the bom- 
bardment continuing, his anxiety was overwhelming, and he was wrought 
to a high pitch of excitement when the fire ceased during the night, for 
he could not tell whether the fort had surrendered or not. At the earliest 
chance of vision at dawn he was on deck and saw "that our flag was still 
there!^' In the emotion of the moment he took a letter out of his pocket 
and wrote that immortal song on the back of the letter. 

It is the only national song which was called forth by a momentous 
event, and written down in hot blood ! 

Mr. Key was released and permitted to land in Baltimore, where he 
wrote out a clear copy of the song at his hotel that night. He showed it 
to his brother-in-law. Judge Nicholson, who had been one of the defenders 
in the fort. He was greatly pleased with it and carried it to the office of the 
Baltimore American, where it was at once set up in t}^e by Samuel Sands 
and printed and distributed on the streets. 

It aided and emphasized the patriotic exhilaration with which the citi- 
zens were celebrating the repulse of the British. 

Ferdinand Durang found that the lines were adapted to an old French 
air, '' Anacreon in Heaven," and he so arranged it and gave it to his brother, 
Charles Durang, who sang it at once at a restaurant and then at the Holi- 
day Street Theatre, where it was received with unbounded enthusiasm. 

The poem and the air were indissolubly united and thus ''The Star- 
Sp angled Banner" was born — 

Long may it wave! 

Oh! say, can you sec, by the dawn's early hght, 

What so proiully we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming? 

Whose broad stripes and bright stars through the perilous fight, 

O'er the ramparts we watched were so gallantly streaming; 

And the rockets' red glare, the bombs bursting in air, 

Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there. 

Oh! say docs that s(ar-spangled banner yet wave 

O'er the land of the free and the home of the bravo? 



146 REPORT OF MARYLAND COMMISSION 

On the shore dimly seen through the mists of the deep, 
Where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes. 
What is that which the breeze, o'er the towering steep, 
As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses? 
Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam, 
In full glory reflected, now shines on the stream ; 
'Tis the star-spangled banner! oh, long may it wave 
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave. 

And where is that band who so vauntingly swore, 

That the havoc of war and the battle's confusion 

A home and a country should leave us no more? 

Their blood has washed out their foul footsteps' pollution. 

No refuge could save the hireling and slave 

From the terror of flight or the gloom of the grave; 

And the star-spangled banner in triumph doth wave 

O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave. 

Oh ! thus be it ever, when freeman shall stand 

Between their loved homes and war's desolation; 

Blest with victory and peace, may the heaven-rescued land 

Praise the power that hath made and preserved us a nation. 

Then conquer we must, when our cause it is just. 

And this be our motto, "In God is our trust." 

And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave, 

O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave. 



I 



